Presentation on Centrifugal Compressors

Presented to:Prof. Satish shah

Presented by:Akshat Sharma Akshay Upadhyaya Akshay Chopra

Introduction
Compressors:- It is a power consuming thermodynamic device which converts mechanical energy into head or pressure There are majorly 2 types of compressors :-

Reciprocating

Rotary

Introduction
Centrifugal force :Centrifugal force is the apparent force that draws a rotating body away from the center of rotation. It is caused by the inertia of the body as the body's path is continually redirected

Centrifugal compressors :A type of dynamic compressor that compresses air and expels it with a centrifugal force from a rotating wheel with radial vanes is known as centrifugal compressor

Components
Major components of a centrifugal compressors are Impeller disc :- it is a rotating member that imparts energy to the fluid which flows radially through it.

Types of Impeller

Unshrouded Impeller

Shrouded Impeller

The Diffuser
After the flow leaves the impeller it comes to the diffuser. The diffuser can either be designed with or without guide-vanes. This design parameter has an effect on the efficiency of the compressor. Vaneless diffusers are often used in applications where a wide range of mass flow is used, f. ex. a turbocharger Guide vanes, on the other hand, which give a higher efficiency at constant mass flow, are used in gas turbine applications for aero planes, which have heavy demands on the efficiency.

The Diffuser
The task of the diffuser is to increase the static pressure of the fluid, and at the same time decrease the velocity. Therefore, it is necessary to design the diffuser so that only a small part of the stagnation pressure at the compressor outlet corresponds to kinetic energy.

The casing
The compressor manifold is known as the Casing. It is mainly of three types Vortex casing in a casing a circular chamber B/W the Impellor and casing is introduced.

Volute casing:- it is of spiral form With increasing cross-sectioning Area towards the discharge end.

 Vortex casing with guide ways:-

This consist of guide Wheels with stationary Vanes called diffuser. Water leaving the Impeller enters the guide vanes without shock.

Working
Centrifugal compressors produce high-pressure discharge by converting angular momentum imparted by the rotating impeller (dynamic displacement), as illustrated in the figure below

In order to do this efficiently, centrifugal compressors rotate at higher speeds than the other types of compressors.

 These types of compressors are also designed for higher capacity because flow through the compressor is continuous. Adjusting the inlet guide vanes is the most common method to control capacity of a centrifugal compressor. By closing the guide vanes, volumetric flows and capacity are reduced

Flow enters the compressor parallel to the impeller axis and is accelerated by the blades, greatly increasing its velocity, and thus its total pressure The gas leaves the impeller and is decelerated as smoothly as possible to convert the kinetic energy imparted in the impeller to static pressure.

Working of centrifugal compressors

Applications of centrifugal compressors

1. Gas turbines :-A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber inbetween.

2). Turbochargers:- A turbocharger, is a forced

induction device used to allow more power to be produced by an engine of a given size. A turbocharged engine can be more powerful and efficient than a naturally aspirated engine because the turbine forces more air, and proportionately more fuel, into the combustion chamber than atmospheric pressure alone.

Advantages
In these compressors low starting torque is required whereas axial flow compressors require high torque Manufacturing and running cost is low in comparison with other compressors It converts kinetic energy into pressure energy It runs at 2000-3000 rpm and delkivers fluid at a pressure upto 100 bar

Difference b/w axial flow and centrifugal compressors

Axial flow The flow of air is parallel to axis of compressor It requires high starting torque Centrifugal flow The flow is perpendicular Starting torque is low

It is ideal for constant load applications

It requires less frontal area for given flow rate It is suitable for multi staging It has high manufacturing and running cost

It can handle wide range of loads

It requires large area It is not It has low running and other costs