ATS Application Programming: Java Programming

ATS Application Programming: Java
Programming
BB: XML
© Accenture 2005 All Rights Reserved Course Code #Z16325

Objectives
This review session will cover XML.
Included in this review:

 Introduction to XML
– What is XML?
– Why is XML important?
– How Can You Use XML?
 Generating XML Data
– Writing a Simple XML File
– Defining the Root Element
©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 2
 DTD
© Accenture 2005 All Rights Reserved
INTRODUCTION TO XML
What is XML?
 XML stands for EXtensible Markup

Language.
 XML is a cross-platform, software and
hardware independent tool for transmitting
information.
 XML is a markup language much like
HTML.
 XML tags are not predefined in XML.
©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved.
WHAT IS XML?
The Main Difference Between XML
and HTML
 XML is not a replacement for HTML.

 XML and HTML were designed with
different goals:
 XML was designed to describe data and to

focus on what data is.
 HTML was designed to display data and to
focus on how data looks.
WHAT IS XML?
XML is Free and Extensible
XML tags are not predefined. You must

"invent" your
own tags.
 The tags used to markup HTML documents

and the structures of HTML documents are
predefined. The author of HTML documents
can only use tags that are defined in the
HTML standard.
INTRODUCTION TO XML
What is XML? (Tags & Attributes)
<message TAGS:
to="you@yourAddress.com" • User defined.
• Case sensitive.
from="me@myAddress.com" • Must always have closing tags.
subject="XML Is Really Cool">• Must be properly nested.
<text>
How many ways is XML cool? Let me count
the ways...
</text> ATTRIBUTES:
Attribute name is followed by an equal sign and the attribute
</message> value, and multiple attributes are separated by spaces.
Unlike HTML, however, in XML commas between attributes
are not ignored; if present, they generate an error.
Attribute values must always be quoted.
WHAT IS XML?
Tags
CASE SENSITIVE:
INVALID
<Message> This is incorrect </message>
<message> This is correct </message>
MUST ALWAYS HAVE CLOSING TAGS:

 This is invalid
 This is valid 
MUST BE PROPERLY NESTED:

 This is not properly nested 
VALID
 This is properly nested 

INTRODUCTION TO XML
What is XML? (Empty Tags &
Comments)
<message
to="you@yourAddress.com"
from="me@myAddress.com"
subject="XML Is Really Cool">
<flag/> COMMENT


<text>
EMPTY TAGS:
How many ways isof tagXML
This kind does notcool? Let some
enclose any content, count
it’s known
as an empty tag. You create an empty tag by ending it
with /> instead of >.
the ways...
</text>
</message> ©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 8
INTRODUCTION TO XML
What is XML? (The XML Prolog)
<?xml version="1.0"?>
The declaration may also contain additional information:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"

standalone="yes"?>
The XML declaration is essentially the same as the HTML header, <html>, except that it uses <?..?> and it may
contain the following attributes:
• version: Identifies the version of the XML markup language used in the data. This attribute is not optional.
• encoding: Identifies the character set used to encode the data. ISO-8859-1 is Latin-1, the Western
European and English language character set. (The default is 8-bit Unicode: UTF-8.)
• standalone: Tells whether or not this document references an external entity or an external data type
specification. If there are no external references, then “yes” is appropriate.
Note: The declaration is actually optional, but it’s a good idea to include it whenever you create an XML file. The
declaration should have the version number, at a minimum, and ideally the encoding as well. That standard
simplifies things if the XML standard is extended in the future and if the data ever needs to be localized for
different geographical regions. ©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 9
INTRODUCTION TO XML
Why is XML Important?
 Plain Text
 Data Identification
 Stylability
 Inline Reusability
 Linkability
 Easily Processed
 Hierarchical
INTRODUCTION TO XML
How Can You Use XML?
 Traditional Data Processing
– Use where XML encodes the data for a program to
process.
 Document-Driven Programming
– Use where XML documents are containers that build
interfaces and applications from existing components.
 Binding
– Use where the DTD or schema that defines an XML data
structure is used to automatically generate a significant
portion of the application that will eventually process that
data. ©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 11
GENERATING XML DATA
Writing a Simple XML File
CREATING THE FILE:
Using a standard text editor, create
a file called slideSample.xml.
slideSample.xml
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>

WRITING THE DECLARATION:

Next, write the declaration, which
ADDING A COMMENT:
identifies the file as an XML document. Comments are ignored by XML
parsers. A program will never see them
unless you activate special settings in
the parser.

GENERATING XML DATA
Defining the Root Element
slideSample01.xml
<slideshow>
</slideshow>
After the declaration, every XML file defines exactly one element, known
as the root element. All other elements in the file are contained within
this element.
Note: XML element names are case-sensitive. The end tag must match
the start tag exactly.

ROOT ELEMENT
Adding Attributes to an Element
slideSample01.xml
<slideshow
title="Sample Slide Show"
date="Date of publication"
author="Yours Truly"
>
</slideshow>
A slide presentation has a number of associated data items, none of
which requires any structure. So it is natural to define these data items
as attributes of the slideshow element.
Note: Colons should be used with care or avoided, because they are
used when defining the namespace for an XML document.

ROOT ELEMENT
Adding Nested Elements
slideSample01.xml
<slideshow … >

<slide type="all">
<title>Wake up to
WonderWidgets!</title>
</slide>
</slideshow>XML allows for hierarchically structured data, which means that an
element can contain other elements.

ROOT ELEMENT
Adding HTML-Style Text
slideSample01.xml
…
<slide type="all">
<title>Wake up to WonderWidgets!</title>
</slide>

<slide type="all">
<title>Overview</title>
<item>Why WonderWidgets are great</item>
<item>Who buys WonderWidgets</item>
</slide>
</slideshow>
Because XML lets you define any tags you want, it makes sense to
define a set of tags that look like HTML. In fact, the XHTML standard
does exactlyAccenture
©2004 that. All Rights Reserved. 16
ROOT ELEMENT
Adding an Empty Element
slideSample01.xml
…

<slide type="all">
<item/>
</slide>
</slideshow>
Any element can be an empty element. All it takes is ending the tag with
/> instead of >.

ROOT ELEMENT
The Finished Product
slideSample01.xml
<slideshow
title="Sample Slide Show"
date="Date of publication"
author="Yours Truly"
>
<slide type="all">
<title>Wake up to WonderWidgets!</title>
</slide>

<slide type="all">
<item/>
</slide>
What is DTD?
DTD (Document Type Definition)
 Defines the legal building blocks of an XML

document. It defines the document structure with
a list of legal elements.
 Can be declared inline in your XML document,

or as an external reference.

DTD
The building blocks of XML documents
Seen from a DTD point of view, all XML
documents (and HTML
documents) are made up by the following simple
building blocks:
 Elements
 Tags
 Attributes
 Entities
© Accenture 2005 PCDATA
 All Rights Reserved
DTD
 Elements
– Elements are the main building blocks of both XML

and HTML documents.
– Examples of HTML elements are "body" and "table".

Examples of XML elements could be "note" and
"message".
– Elements can contain text, other elements, or be

empty. Examples of empty
©2004 Accenture HTML elements are "hr",21
All Rights Reserved.
"br" and "img".
DTD
 Tags
– Tags are used to markup elements.

– A starting tag like <element_name> marks up the
beginning of an element, and an ending tag like
</element_name> marks up the end of an element.
Examples:
message element marked up with message
tags:
<message>some message in
DTD
 Attributes
– Attributes provide extra information about

elements.
– Attributes are always placed inside the starting tag
of an element. Attributes always come in
name/value pairs. The following "img" element
has additional information about a source file:
<img src="computer.gif" />
DTD
 Entities
– Entities are variables used to define common text.

Entity references are references to entities.
– Most of you know the HTML entity reference:
" ". This "no-breaking-space" entity is used in
HTML to insert an extra space in a document. Entities
are expanded when a document is parsed by an XML
parser.

DTD
 PCDATA
– PCDATA means parsed character data.

– PCDATA is text that will be parsed by a parser.
Tags inside the text will be treated as markup and
entities will be expanded.

DTD
 CDATA
– CDATA also means character data.

– CDATA is text that will NOT be parsed by a
parser. Tags inside the text will NOT be treated as
markup and entities will not be expanded.

DTD
Internal DOCTYPE declaration
<!DOCTYPE root-element [element-
declarations]>
<!DOCTYPE note [
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
]>
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend</body>
</note>

DTD
External DOCTYPE declaration
<!DOCTYPE root-element SYSTEM “filename”>
<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "note.dtd">
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
And this is copy of the file “note.dtd” containing the DTD:
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>

<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>

Resources
Helpful Websites:
 http://java.sun.com
 http://www.xmlfiles.com/xml/
 http://www.w3schools.com/xml/default.asp
 http://www.w3schools.com/dtd/default.asp
 http://www.devarticles.com/c/a/XML/XML-An-Introduction/
 http://www.devarticles.com/c/a/XML/XML-Basics-Part-
One/1/
 http://www.xml.com/pub/a/98/10/guide0.html?page=2#AEN5
8 ©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 29

 http://www.theukwebdesigncompany.com/articles/xml-
Questions:

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© Accenture 2005 All Rights Reserved Course Code #Z16325

Included in this review:

 XML stands for EXtensible Markup

 XML is not a replacement for HTML.

 XML was designed to describe data and to

XML tags are not predefined. You must

 The tags used to markup HTML documents

subject="XML Is Really Cool">• Must be properly nested.

MUST ALWAYS HAVE CLOSING TAGS:

MUST BE PROPERLY NESTED:

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 7

The declaration may also contain additional information:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"

WRITING THE DECLARATION:

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 12

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 13

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 14

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 15

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 17

 Defines the legal building blocks of an XML

 Can be declared inline in your XML document,

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 19

– Elements are the main building blocks of both XML

– Examples of HTML elements are "body" and "table".

– Elements can contain text, other elements, or be

– Tags are used to markup elements.

– Attributes provide extra information about

– Entities are variables used to define common text.

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 24

– PCDATA means parsed character data.

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 25

– CDATA also means character data.

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 26

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 27

And this is copy of the file “note.dtd” containing the DTD:

<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 28

8 ©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 29

©2004 Accenture All Rights Reserved. 30

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