Behaviourist

Behaviour can be changed (conditioned) by altering the environment Stimulus Response Feedback Reinforcement Rigid (measureable) Learning Outcomes (eg: By the end of this lesson, students should be able to understand the concept of )
Learning Outcomes must be achieved by hook or by crook

 Behaviourism in T&L
Teacher-centred: students listen and repeat Reward x Punishment System Immediate Feedback Practice and Drill Simple Difficult : Slow process, breakdown of materials for easier understanding Works for average-level student (very general)

Cognitivism
Relating new info to previous knowledge Building new schemes based on prior schemes modify, total exchange of prior schemes Active role of learner Learner control the amount of knowledge they want how much they want to change their previous schemes Review and repetition of knowledge

Constructivist Theory
Student-centred : sharing of ideas among students and teachers Two-way learning Promotes cooperative, collaborative and group investigation Promotes Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Insight Learning student figure out stuff their own, until they get it teacher as facilitators

Humanistic Classroom principles

Non-threatening, comfortable, positive classroom environment BUT with certain limitations Teachers as role model set good example Student are given choices (with limitations) and freedom (with responsibilities) Learning based on life experiences, discovery, exploring and experimenting Respect for students feelings Experiential learning Provide challenges with high chances of success

Tutorial Q Behavioural principles that are widely used in classroom with specific example
Spelling Test in class
Teacher introduced a list of words show how to spell, how to pronounce, how to write (drill) The next lesson, teacher held a spelling test Correct answers = rewards : stars, stamps on books Wrong answers = repeat spelling of words many times

Tutorial Q Cognitive principles that are widely used in classroom with specific example
Reading exercises
Teachers have to make sure that student has strong basic (scheme) in: recognising the alphabets produce the right sounds pronounce words read simple sentences read a short paragraph read a whole book by themselves Repetition exercises on prior knowledge (sounds, words) before letting them to read by their own

Tutorial Q

Tutorial Q
Prior classrooms are a composite of the many different theories, do you agree? To what extent do you think schools give attention to the affective (emotions, feelings) aspect of learning? Examples? Compare the four theories your view as a teacher, state your personal beliefs about teaching-learning process

TOPIC 3
Approaches, methods, techniques Theories of language + learning and acquisition + learning theories = how to deal with students

Seven methods must have:

Basic principles Key feature Techniques Strength Limitations Learner teacher interaction Implication for syllabus design

7 Methods
Grammar-translation Direct method Audio lingual Suggestopedia Silent way Community language learning Total physical response

Harmer, J.
Approach: theories about the nature of language and language learning which are the source of the way things are done in classroom and the reasons why we do it