2.1 Cell structure and function 2.2 Cell organisation 2.

3 Appreciating the uniqueness of the cell

draw and label an animal cell and plant cell.

Identify the cellular components of an animal cell and plant cell. State the functions of the cellular components in an animal cell and plant cell. Compare and contrast an animal cell and plant cell

The BASIC UNIT of life Basic unit of life???? the smallest unit in every living things Cell Tissues Organ System Organism

Animal cell

Plant cell

A B

C
G F D
Animal cell

B C

J
I

D F

H G

E
Plant cell

1. Which organelle provide energy for the cell in form of ATP???

mitochondria

2. Name organelle which involved in protein synthesis???

ribosomes

3. What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum???

Synthesis and transport protein

2.2 Cell Organisation

What is an Organism?

Definition:
Organism anything that can live on its own

ORGANISMS
Unicellular Multicellular

Amoeba

Hydra

Unicellular Organisms

Unicellular Organisms
Definition:
Unicellular organism an organism made of only one cell

Information:
These organism are very small and need to be seen with a microscope.

Unicellular: Common Names

Microscopic

Organisms

Microorganisms Really

small living things

Examples of Unicellular Organisms

Amoeba Bacteria Protozoa Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular

fungi
yeasts

Paramecium

algae

Living processes of Unicellular Organisms THEY HAVE NO Feed HOW DOES Respire OR ORGAN THEY PERFORM Excrete SYSTEM THESE Move BUT THEY DO Respond to stimuli PROCESSES???
Reproduce HAVE COMPLETE grow CELLULAR COMPONENT (ORGANELLE)

pseudopodium

Paramecium

Multicellular Organisms
Definition:
Multicellular organism an organism made of two or more cells

Information:
These

organisms are able to be seen with the naked eye. These organisms need all parts of itself to survive.

Common Names
Many

celled organisms Eukaryotic organisms Mammals Birds Reptile Fish Many others

Examples of Multicellular Organisms

Humans Cats Dogs Insects Birds Flowers Mold Trees

Multicellular Organisms
multi-

= more than one Plants, animals, and most fungi are multicellular

Start

as a single cell many cells cells differentiate (change) into different types of cells cells group together

Multicellular Characteristics
Larger

size = have less predators and have more options of things to eat Longer life organism will continue to live even if a single cell dies

Specialization

each type of cell has a specific job, making the organism more efficient

Levels of Organization
1st

Level: Cells 2nd Level: Tissues 3rd Level: Organs 4th Level: Organ Systems

Cells

Tissues Organs Organ Systems

Level 1 : Cells
Cells

can be specialized (have a certain function) Function = job Function is related to the cell structure Structure = how parts of the cell are put together
Shape

Material

its made from

Structure

of a brain cell is different from muscle cell

Level 2: Tissues
Tissue

= group of cells that work together to do a specific job Ex: Heart muscle tissue is made of heart muscle cells
Animals

have 4 types of tissue: nerve, muscle, connective, protective Plants have 3 types of tissue : transport, protective, ground

Level 3: Organs
Organ

= structure that is made up of 2 or more tissues working together to get a specific job done

Ex:

Stomach muscle tissue moves food, special tissues make chemicals to digest food, connective tissue holds stomach together, nervous tissue sends messages back and forth between the stomach and brain

Level 4: Organ Systems

Organ

system = group of organs working together to perform a specific function Each organ system has a specific job Ex: Digestive system is made of several organs including the stomach and intestines

Structure of Animals
Cells -basic unit of an animals structure -become specialized _______________________________ Tissues -made of cells that work together to perform a specific function __________________________________________ Organs -made of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function ____________________________________________________ Organ Systems -made of organs that work together to perform a specific function _____________________________________________________________ Organisms

A B

pseudopodium

E
C D

Paramecium
E

B C

Q1. State the order of cell organisation within an organism. Q2. Give an example of an animal system with the order of cell organisation stated above.

Q1. State the order of cell organisation within an organism.

Organism

Q2. Give an example of an animal system with the order of cell organisation stated above.
Intestinal

cell intestinal muscle small intestine digestive system human cell nerve tissue eye sensory system

Nerve

bird

A B

C
G F E
Animal cell

B C

J
I

D F

H G

E
Plant cell

Internal environment of a multicellular organisms consist of interstitial fluid- fills the spaces between the cells and constantly bathes the cells and keeps the cells functioning normally. blood plasma

Nutrient and waste substances are exchanged between the interstitial fluid and the blood plasma contained in the blood capillaries.

Na+

glucose
O2
CO2

O2

Factor affecting the internal environment. Physical factors: Temperature Osmotic pressure Concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream Chemical factors: Salt level Glucose level pH

In order for cells of the body to function optimally, the physical factors and the chemical factors within the internal environment must be maintained at a relatively constant level. Example: Temperature For human, the internal environment need to be maintain around 37C. At this temperature, the enzymes give the optimal enzyme activity.

If the temperature too high, enzymes denatured- so lose ability to function.

If the temperature too low, enzymes become inactive.

Homeostasis is a process that regulates the chemical and physical parameters in the internal environment so that the conditions are always suitable to meet the needs of cells.

3 functional components of homeostatic control system: a receptor- detect a change (stimuli) a control centre- receive message from receptors and process the information an effector- receive message from control centre and carry out the appropriate response.

A thermostat in the brain monitors the temperature of the blood. If the thermostat detect a rise in body temperature above the set point, it sends nerve impulses directing the sweat glands to increase their production sweat. Thus, lowering body temperature by evaporative cooling.

Negative feedback mechanism prevent small changes from becoming to large.

Other example:

1. Regulate of the blood pH which is 7.4

2. Regulate the amount of sugar in our blood so that it does not fluctuate to much from a concentration 0.1%

In plant, the need for a regulatory system is lesser because:

1. most plant cells are dead at functional maturity, and therefore, chemical reactions do not take place in these cells. 2. plant cells are not bathed in fluid but surrounded by air. Thus, oxygen and carbon dioxide can freely circulated in the intercellular space of plant.

3. plant cells have cell walls that prevent the cells from over-swelling and rupturing when excessive water gets into the cells.

Enables the organism to live in wider range of habitats.

Metabolic activities and physiological processes can still continue even though the external environment fluctuates substantially. A stable internal environment allows enzymes to function at an optimal rate.

predict the state of certain cells without a particular cellular component.

Illustrate that most cells are specialised for the job that they perform.

The cellular components of the cell are completely dependent upon one another for the cell to function at an optimum level. For example: The nucleus contains information for protein synthesis. This information is relayed to the ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis.

After the process of synthesis is completed, it will be transported through rough endoplasmic reticulum

The protein are enclosed in vesicles which bud off from rough endoplasmic reticulum as transport vesicles and transport to Golgi apparatus. The proteins are processed, modified, sorted and repackaged into new vesicles during their travel in the Golgi appatarus. These vesicles bud off from the Golgi apparatus and travel to other parts of the cell or to plasma membrane to be released to the outside of the cell.

The sequence of events illustrate how each cellular component carries out its function in an orderly manner. The cells as a whole will not be able to function properly if any of its cellular components loses its ability to function normally. All the system of an organism are able to funtion efficiently because the cellular components of cells work together and cooperate harmoniously with one another.