Quantitative Techniques in Management

Prof. Tejas Fadia

SET THEORY
Set: Well defined collection or class of objects. Denoted by capital letters. Order is not important. Element / Member: Objects in a set. Elements must be distinct and distinguishable. Denoted by small letters. Eg: A = {a,b,c,d,e} = {e,b,c,d,a} = {c,d,e,a,b}

 (Epsilon) means belongs to

Eg: x A means x is an element of set A or x belongs to A x A means x is not an element of set A or x does not belongs to A Sets can be written in 3 ways: a) V = {a,e,i,o,u} b) V = {a,e,i..} c) V = (x : x is a vowel in English alphabet)

Some Standard Sets

1) N = {1,2,3,4..}, Set of All Natural numbers 2) I = {, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3.},Set of all Integers 3) I+ = { 1, 2, 3}, Set of all positive integers 4) Q = {x: x= p/q, where p and q are integers and q=0 } , set of all rational numbers 5) Q+ = Set of all positive rational numbers

TYPES OF SETS

Finite and Infinite Sets Singleton Set

Null Set (O) (phi)

Equal Sets (=) Disjoint Sets (A B = O)

TYPES OF SETS

Equivalent Sets (~ or = )

Subset ( ); A B, if x A x B A Subset, B Superset Properties: a) Null set is a subset of every set b) If A B and B A, then A = B c) If A B and B C, then A C

TYPES OF SETS

Proper Subset ( ) A B A B and x B but x A Family of Sets: If the elements of set are set themselves, such set is called Family of Sets

Power Set: Family of all subsets = P(S)= 2n Elements

Universal Set (U)

VENN DIAGRAMS
U
B A A B

AB

A and B are disjoint sets

U
A=B

UNION OF SETS
A U B : Set consisting of elements which are either in A or B or in both A and B Properties: a) Commutative: A U B = B U A b) Associative: A U (B U C) = (A U B) U C c) Idempotent: A U A = A

UNION OF SETS
d) If A U B = C, A C and B C e) A U O = A
A B U

f) A U U = U

g) If A B, then A U B = B

INTERSECTION OF SETS
A B : Set consisting of all elements which belong to both A and B Properties: a) Commutative: A B = B A b) Associative: A (B C) = (A B) C c) Idempotent: A A = A

INTERSECTION OF SETS
d) If A B = C, C A and C B e) A O = O f) A U = A
AB U

g) If A B, then A B = A

DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS

A - B : Set of elements which belongs to A but does not belong to B Eg: A = {0,2,4,9}, B ={0,3,6,8,9} and A-B={2,4} Properties: a) A A = O, A O = A b) AB A c) (A B) B = O, (A B) U A = A

COMPLEMENT OF A SET
Ac = U - A: Set of all those elements in the universe which are not in A

Properties: a) A U Ac = U, A Ac = O b) Uc = O, Oc = U c) (Ac)c = A d) (A B) = A BC

A Ac

DISTRIBUTIVE LAW

A U (B C) = (A U B) (A U C) A (B U C) = (A B) U (A C)

DE-MORGANS LAW

(A U B)c = Ac Bc (A B)c = Ac U Bc A (B U C) = (A B) (A C)

A (B C) = (A B) U (A C)

SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE OF SETS

Contains all those elements which either belong to A or to B. A B = (A B) U (B A)

Eg: A = {1,2,3} and B = {3,4,5} A B = {1,2} U {4,5} = {1,2,4,5}

CARDINAL NUMBER OF A SET

Number of Elements in a finite set A. It is denoted by n(A) Eg: A = {1,2,3,4}, n(A) = 4

Note: n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B) n(A U B U C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A B) - n(B C)- n(A C) + n (A B C)
n(A) = n[(A Bc) U (A B)] = n[(A-B) U (A B)]

In a group of 200 people, each of whom is at least accountant (A) or management consultant (MC) or sales manager (SM), it was found that 80 are As, 110 are MCs and 130 are SMs, 25 are A as well as SM, 70 are MC as well as SM, 10 are A, as well as MC as well as SM.

Find no. of people who are accountants as well as mgmt consultants.

In a class of 25 students, 12 have taken economics, 8 have taken economics but not politics. Find the number of students who have taken economics and politics and those who have taken politics but not economics.