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Vertebrate kidneys develop from from the mesomere, front to back, beginning with the pronephros. Behind the pronephros, a second kind of kidney, the mesonephros, develops. It has many corpuscles per segment. It becomes the adult kidney in non-amniotes, and is then called the opisthonephros (tail kidney). In amniotes, a third kidney or metanephros develops behind the embryonic mesonephros. It does not share the archinephric duct but rather a new duct emerges from the cloaca to meet it. In the adult, this duct is called the ureter rather than a metanephric duct.
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The kidney re-adsorbs all but 1.5 L d-1, achieving a 100x concentration of the filtrate. The corpuscles are in the cortex of the kidney, while the loops of Henle are lined up parallel in the medulla.
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Bird Kidneys
Birds and mammals are the only vertebrates that can produce urine that has a salt concentration higher than their blood. Birds also have loops in their nephric tubules, but are thought to have evolved this independently.
The organization of the bird kidney is very different from that of mammals. The loops are short peripherally, and long centrally, in each lobule.
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Sharks are slightly hyperosmotic to seawater, which they achieve by accumulating urea. The renal corpuscle is large to eliminate water gained through gills and feeding. Excess salt is excreted through their rectal gland.
Mammals are generally less effective at conserving water than reptiles and birds. They secrete NH4+ as urea, which is soluble, so they must produce urine. Loops of Henle help to minimize water loss. Marine mammals are unique in being able to produce urine that is hyperosmotic to sea water, so they can drink sea water without accumulating salt.
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