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G-Force in Coagulation Flocculation Systems and its significance

Group-3 Smarika Kulshreshtha Sanjeeb Mohapatra Harshad Arote Ashutosh

Rapid Mixing and Flocculation


Rapid mixing is used to:
Disperse chemicals uniformly throughout the mixing

basin Allow adequate contact between the coagulant and particles Microflocs are produced
Flocculation is used to:
Agglomerate microflocs to larger ones

Devices
Agitation in rapid mixing and flocculation is

performed by:
Mechanical agitators (most common) Pneumatic agitators Baffled basins

Design
The degree of mixing is based on the power

provided, which is measured by the velocity gradient:

Velocity Gradient, G
The velocity gradient of two fluid particles :
0.05ft apart relative velocity : 0.2fps
V 1 d

2fps/0.05ft = 40fps/ft

V 2

Detention Time
For rapid mixing basins

Flocculation
Complete flocculation depends on: The relative ease and rate of microflocs

aggregation Number of particle collisions by gentle & prolonged agitation agglomeration of floc.
Floc Characteristics governed by G High G ; large floc will not form; high shear forces The rate of particle collision G Shear force G Total number of particle collisions GT

Effect of G & T over Floc formation


G Large Small T Small Large Floc Characteristics Small and dense Larger and lighter

Larger and dense Floc are the main characteristics of good

Inuence of velocity gradient and rapid mixing time on ocs formed by Polysilica Iron (PSI) and PolyAluminum chloride (PACl)

The aim of this study : to investigate the effect of different velocity gradients and rapid mixing times on the formation, breakage, and regrowth of kaolin ocs formed by PSI and PACl.

Materials and Methods


Preparation of Kaolin suspension Kaolin clay was used as the model suspension Coagulants agents

Polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and


Polysilicates Iron (PSI) Coagulants and rapid mixing Jar test

3 min of rapid mixing at 150 rpm


Flocc. period : 30 min at 30 rpm & settling period : 60 min Floc size Particle Size Analyser

Floc strength and Recovery factors


Zeta potential measurements Micro-Electrophoresis Apparatus

Effect of velocity gradient on the oc property of kaolin system: The oc size

The maximum oc formation for the kaolin system occurred 390 1/s <G< 546 1/s

Growth region Steady state region with a Re-growth range

low-velocity gradient mean-velocity gradient high-velocity gradient

G<200 1/s 200 1/s < G <546 1/s (kaolin-PSI ) 200 1/s <G< 390 1/s (kaolin-PACl) G >546 1/s (kaolin-PSI ) G >390 1/s (kaolin-PACl)

Effect of rapid mixing time on the oc property of kaolin system

Enhanced particle destabilization and aggregation by flash-mixing coagulation for drinking water treatment

Jr-Lin Lin, Jill R. Pan, Chihpin Huang

OBJECTIVE
Investigation of enhanced rapid mixing intensity

on the performance of coagulation for natural turbid water treatment. Two surface water samples:
Low and High Turbidity

PACl
G values: (200-800 s-1) Pilot scale in line IFM

Materials and Methods


Water samples from WTP Fengyuan, Taiwan
200 NTU (HT) 15 NTU (LT)

Commercial PACl ( 10% Al2O3 ) Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission

Spectometry

Experiments
Standard Jar Tests (Optimal Coagulation

Dosage)
Rapid Mixing ;100-300 rpm (G=200-800 s-1); 15 sec

(WTP simulation) Slow Mixing ; 30 rpm (G=25s-1) ; 10 min

Turbidity, DOC, Zeta Potential

1.75 mg/L (LT) 2mg/L (HT)

Mixing Test
Mechanical Mixing

G values: (200-800 s-1)

IFM (PFR)
(G > 5000 s-1 ) 554 NTU, 271 NTU, 98 NTU

References
T. S. Aktas, M. Fujibayashi, C. Maruo, M. Nomura & O. Nishimura, Influence of velocity gradient and rapid mixing time on flocs formed by polysilica iron (PSI) and polyaluminium chloride (PACl), Desalination and Water Treatment (2013),51:22-24, 4729-4735. 2. Jr-Lin Lin, J. R. Pan, C. Huang, Enhanced particle destabilization and aggregation by flash-mixing coagulation for drinking water treatment, Separation and Purification Technology, 115 (2013) 145-151 3. H. S. Peavy, D. R. Rowe, G. Tchbanoglous, Environmental engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1985
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Thank You

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