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PENGERTIAN KURIKULUM
Collected by:
Saiful Amien
Perkembangan Kurikulum..
Bergantung pada kepercayaan filosofis yang dianut; Berkembang sejalan dengan perkembangan teori dan praktek pendidikan Bervariasi sesuai dengan aliran atau teori pendidikan yang dianut
Interpretasi Kurikulum
Peter F. Oliva menemukan ada 13 definisi:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. that which is taught in school; A set of subjects Content A program of studies A set of materials A sequence of courses A set of performance objectives
8. A course of study 9. Everything that goes on within the school, including extraclass activities, guidence & interpersonal relationships 10.That which is taught both inside and outside of school directed by the school 11.Everything that is planned by school personnel
12.A series of experiences undergone by learners in school 13.That which an individual learner experiences as result of schooling
Oemar Hamalik menemukan 6 definisi: 1. Suatu program kegiatan yang terencana 2. Hasil belajar yang diharapkan 3. Reproduksi budaya (cultural reproduction) 4. Kumpulan tugas dan konsep
5. Agenda rekonstruksi sosial 6. Currere (arena pacu/lomba; menekankan pada proses pacuan/lomba dimana kapasitas individu diberdayakan dalam merekonseptualisasi otobiografinya
sendiri
Hollis L. Caswell & Doak S. Campbell: all the experiences children have under the guidance of teachers
J. Galen Saylor, William M. Alexander & Arthur J. Lewis: a plan for providing sets of learning opportunities for persons to be educated
Hilda Taba: a plan for learning.. yg meliputi elemen: a statement of aims and of specific objectives; selection and organization of content; certain pattern of learning and teaching; a program of evaluation of the outcomes
Ronald C. Doll: the formal and informal content and process by which leaners gain knowledge and understanding, develop skill, and alter attitudes, appreciations, and values under the auspices of that school
Daniel Tanner & Laurel N. Tanner: reconstruction of knowledge and experience systematically developed under the auspices of the school (or university), to enable the learner to increase his or her control of knowledge and experience
Albert I. Oliver menyamakan kurikulum dengan program pendidikan dan membaginya menjadi 4 elemen dasar: 1) the program of studies; 2) the program of experiences; 3) the program of services; 4) the hidden curriculum
Pendekatan Lain
Kurikulum juga dapat didefinsikan dengan membedakannya sebagai tujuan, konteks, dan strategi.
Purposes (tujuan;what it does atau should do?) contoh: tujuan kurikulum adalah untuk mentransmisi warisan budaya; mengembangkan keterampilan berpikir reflektif pada siswa, dll
Context (konteks/latarbelakang), contoh: kurikulum esensialis [essentialist curriculum]; kurikulum berpusat pada siswa [child-centered curriculum]; kurikulum rekonstruksi sosial [reconstructionist curriculum]
Strategies (strategi, proses, metode, teknik pembelajaran) contoh: curriculum as a problem-solving proses; as group living
SUMBER:
Oliva, Peter F. 1992. Developing the Curriculum. HarperCollin Publishers. New York.