The range of usefulness of the thermometer is set by the boiling point of the liquid used.

In the case of the ethanol-filled thermometer the The liquid used can be upper limit for measurement is 78 C, which pure ethanol, toluene, kerosene or Isoamyl makes it useful for measuring day and nightacetate, depending on manufacturer and time temperatures and to measure body working temperature range. Since these aretransparent, the liquid is made more visible temperature, although not for anything much hotter than these. The ethanol version is the by the addition of a red or blue dye. One half most widely used due to the low cost and of the glass containing the capillary is usually relatively low hazard posed by the liquid in enamelled white or yellow to give a case of breakage. background for reading the scale. Ethanol-filled thermometers are used in preference to mercury Alcohol thermometers are used for for meteorological measurements of minimum temperatures down to the freezing point of temperatures and can be used down to 70 alcohol; minus 110F or minus 79C. Mercury freezes at minus 39, which is near enough the C.[1] same in both F and C. It often gets colder than this in some places. Alcohol boils at 78C or 172F but mercury boild at 357C or 675F, so mercury thermometers are more useful for high temperatures, as in cooking. The alcohol is ethanol,, but with some red dye added to make it easily visible.

1) When thermometer in contact with body, heat will flow from the body to thermometer. 2) Heat will continue to transfer until thermal equilibrium is reached. 3) Thermal equilibrium is reached when net rate of heat transfer is zero. 4) Now, the temperature of the thermometer and body is the same.

Characteristics

Reason

1) Liquid used

Alcohol is suitable because the freezing point is -112 C which suitable for the surrounding temperature of North Pole which is as low as -40C.
Sensitive and effective for heat transfer Small surface area can absorb heat at faster rate The curve shape acts as a magnifying glass to observe the temperature accurately. Prevent heat loss to surrounding. This shape ensures that heat is absorbed at the same rate.

2) Thin glass walled bulb 3) Small diameter 4) Thick and curved glass bore stem 5) Circular cross section

Conclusion: Thermometer T is chosen because it contains alcohol with low freezing point, Thin glass walled bulb, small diameter,thick and curved glass bore stem with circular cross section.

Porportionally to temperature

Feature 1) More fin blades 2) Bigger size of fan 3) Higher boiling point 4) High heat capacity

Reason Increase the volume for suction of heat into the radiator Has larger surface area to cool down the hot air It has higher resistance to higher temperature of heat exposure, Prevent boiling and cause steam to vapourize It is more difficult for the temperature of liquid to increase

Conclusion: R is chosen because it has more fin blades, bigger fan, liquid with higher boiling point and specific heat capacity