Dr.G.MoinuddinGhori,PhD Deptt.

of Physiology,College of Medicine,King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences,RIYADH

8% of Body weight,
5-6 L in males & 4-5 L in females

FUNCTIONS:-1)Respiratory function 2)Nutritive function 3)Excretory function 4)Hormone transport 5)Water & Electrolyte balance 6)Prevent the body against bacteria & Blood loss 7)Temp. regulation

PLASMA:-- 55 58 %

(Water 91.0%, Plasma proteins 7.0%, Mineral Salts 0.9% & 2.1 % others as Glucose, Cholesterol ,Gases) Plasma proteins Albumin,Globulin,Fibrinogen & Prothrombin
FORMED ELEMENTS (BLOOD CELLS):-- 42 - 45 %

( RBCs or Erythrocytes, WBCs or Leukocytes, Platelets or Thrombocytes)

 Embryo (Yolk sac) Few weeks

Middle Trimester ( Liver,Spleen,Lymph nodes) Later part of Pregnancy( Bone marrow of

Skull,Vertibrae,Ribs, Sternum) After Birth (Skeleton & Girdles) Production Stimulated in (Anemia,Hypoxemia) Production Inhibited in (Supernormal level) Production Regulated by (Erythropoietin hormone from Kidney) RBC life span 120 days

All WBCs originate from Hemocytoblasts The Myeloblasts develop into Eosinophils Monoblasts develop into Monocytes Lymphoblasts develop into Lymphocytes PLATELETS:-- Originate from

Hemocytoblasts(Fragments of Megakaryocytes, Useful for stoppage of bleeding or blood clotting)

A series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding Three phases occur in rapid sequence:--

1. Vascular spasmsimmediate vasoconstriction in response to injury,initiated by local pain receptors 2. Platelet plug formation-- as a result of platelet aggregation 3. Coagulation a set of reactionsin which blood is transformed from a liquid to gel (follows Intrinsic & Extrinsic pathways) Final 3 steps are:-Prothrombin activator is formed -Prothrombin is converted into Thrombin -Thrombin converts FIBRINOGEN into FIBRIN

Whole blood transfusion is required, when large

quantity of blood is lost Before transfusion,matching of blood is essential to avoid reaction due to mis- match of blood Human blood have 30 varities of naturally occuring RBC antigens Antigens of ABO & Rh blood groups cause strong reaction ,if not matched before transfusion

ABO Blood group consists of:--

Two ANTIGENS (A & B) on surface of RBCs &

Two ANTIBODIES (Anti-A & Anti-B) in the plasma

Presence of Rh factor on RBCs surface is indicated as

Rh+
TRANSFUSION REACTION occurs when mis-matched

blood is infused. Donors cells are attacked by the recipient anti bodies causing clumping of cells which results blood flow block

Type AB blood group is called Universal recipient as it can receive blood from Type A blood group as well as Type B blood group Type O blood group is called Universal donor as it can give blood to both Type A and TypeB blood groups