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Tire Types
Pneumatic
filled with air internal air pressure pushes out on the inside of the tire to support the vehicle
Tubeless tire
does not use an inner tube tire and wheel form an airtight unit
Tube-type tire
uses an inner tube to hold air pressure
Tire Size
Points of Measurement
Aspect Ratio
Tread Plies
Number of plies and ply rating:
2-ply 2-ply with a 4-ply rating 4-ply
Ply rating doesnt mean how many plies the tire has
Plies are made of different materials today
Alpha-numeric:
indicated by a letter such as B, C, or D
Speed Rating
Maximum allowable sustained road speed a tire can safely withstand without failure
Traction Rating
Traction rating is a letter based on a straight-line wet surface braking test
AA- (Best) A B C- (Worst)
Tread Wear
Higher the number the better the tread wear
Tread wear rating 200 will last 2 times as long as a 100
Heat Rating
A- Best (coolest running tire)
B C- Least able to dissipate heat
Wear Bars
When too much tread has worn away, solid rubber bars will show up across the tread
Tread Depth
Checking tread depth
Min depth allowed is 2/32
Rotating Tires
Ensures maximum tire life Front and rear tires wear differently Rotation helps even out tire wear Tires are rotated at intervals such as every 3000 miles (5000 km)
Rotation Patterns
Run-Flat Tires
Use extremely stiff sidewall construction Still usable with a loss of air pressure Tire will still retain most of its shape because the sidewall is strong enough to support vehicle weight
Run-Flat Tires
Pressure Sensor
System Operation
Hold the wheel cover in place with the valve stem sticking through the cover
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Wheel balance is a common cause of tire and steering wheel vibration When one side of a tire is heavier than the other, centrifugal force tries to throw the heavy side outward when the tire is rotating
Supports the weight of the vehicle Allows the wheels to move up and down Allows rapid cornering without extreme body roll Keeps the tires in firm contact with the road
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Suspensions
Independent
Nonindependent
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Types of Springs
A. Coil spring B. Leaf spring C. Air spring D. Torsion bar
Coil Springs
Air Springs
Torsion Bar
The bar resists twisting action and acts like a conventional spring
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Ball Joints
Tapered stud provides a force fit into the steering knuckle or bearing support
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Front Suspension
(MacPherson Strut)
Strut Compressor
Provide precise control of the wheel direction Maintain correct steering effort Transmit road feel to the drivers hands Absorb most of the road shock going to the steering wheel Allow for suspension action
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Steering
Parallelogram Steering
57
Fig. 2-5
58
Fig. 2-7
Steering Rack
(Rack and Pinion Steering)
With the vehicle on the ground, rotate the steering wheel back and forth while someone watches for part wear
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Steering Inspection
Raise the vehicle on a lift. Wiggle the tires back and forth while watching for steering play
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Maintenance involves checking for low fluid level, incorrect belt adjustment, system leaks, and other problems Ball socket lubrication may be necessary
Tire Problem
Under-inflated Tire
Tire Problem
Over-inflated Tire
Tire Problem
Cupping
Out of balance Lack of proper rotation Broken belts in tire
Tire Problem
Alignment Problem
Worn Parts Bent Parts
Alignment
Three Angles to check
Camber Caster Toe
Camber
Positive camber
Tire leans away from vehicle
Negative camber
Tire leans towards vehicle
Camber
73
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Caster
Amount of upper and lower ball joint offset Will cause vehicle pull Does not cause tire wear
Caster
75
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Toe
measurement difference across front and back of tires Will cause tire wear Will result in pulling or wandering
Toe Angle
77
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Tire Future
Tweel
Pneumatic tire Michelin Experimented with in Military and Off Road applications
Tire Future