Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
The analysis which enables us to arrive at new optimal decisions when underlying assumptions change
Changes in equilibrium
Joining all these points of tangency gives the Price Consumption Curve. (PCC)
Y
PCC
Price of X is falling.
X
Managerial Economics Oxford University Press, 2006
Demand Curve
Every point on the PCC gives the price of X and quantity demanded/consumed of X Thus,
Px
Qx
Managerial Economics Oxford University Press, 2006
Changes in equilibrium
Joining all these points of tangency gives the Income Consumption Curve (ICC)
Y ICC
X
Managerial Economics Oxford University Press, 2006
Giffen good
Income effect Price effect + Substitution effect Substitution effect is inversely related to price. Income effect can be inversely related to changes in income Inferior Good Income effect can be positively related to income-Superior good
All rights reserved
Giffen Good
If income effect is inverse and large enough to offset the substitution effect, then it is a Giffen Good The Demand curve for Giffen Good will have a positive slope
Elasticity
Price Elasticity: Proportionate change in quantity demanded due to a proportionate change in price - Qx/ Px * Px/Qx - negative for normal goods - negative sign is ignored while making comparisons among normal goods
Managerial Economics Oxford University Press, 2006
Elasticity
Pe Greater than1 (ignoring sign): Elastic Pe Equal to 1 (ignoring sign) : Unit Elastic Pe Less than 1 ( ignoring sign): Inelastic Price Elasticity and Expenditure: - Pe less than 1 a fall in price lower exp - Pe equal to 1 a fall in price exp constant - Pe greater than 1 a fall in price higher exp
All rights reserved
Elasticity
Income Elasticity Qx/I * I/Qx Could be negative or positive: Negative for Inferior goods Positive for Superior goods
Elasticity
Cross Price Elasticity: Qx/Py * Py/Qx Could be negative or positive - Negative for complements - Positive for substitutes
Now ed = Q/ P x P/Q, so it equals Marginal function/average function, or Ed= (-5 +2P) x P/( 30 -5P + P2) If P = Rs. 5, ed = (-5 + 10) x 5/( 30 10 + 25) = 50/45 = 1.1, Find ed when P = Rs.3/2, Rs 10
Managerial Economics Oxford University Press, 2006
Demand schedule
Price Rs.
6 5 4 3 2
Managerial Economics Oxford University Press, 2006
Quantity demanded
50 72 112.5 200 450
All rights reserved
Elasticity .
The interesting feature of this type of demand function is that price elasticity of demand is constant and is equal to to the exponent of P. Let P = 3, ed = P/Q> dQ/dP = 3/200X 3600/27 = -2, Let P = 2, ed = 2/450X -3600/8 = -2
Managerial Economics Oxford University Press, 2006
Elasticity
If Q = 20/(P + 1), find elasticity with respect to price. Now dQ/dP = -20( P +1)-2, Ed = P/Q. dQ/dP = P/Q X -20P/ Q( P + 1)2 = -20P/20/(P + 1)( P + 1)2 = -P/( P + 1) If, P = 5, ed = -5/6 = .833
Managerial Economics Oxford University Press, 2006
Income elasticity
Q. If income increases from Rs. 80,000 to Rs. 81000, the quantity demanded of good Q1 increases from 3000 to 3050, find income elasticity of demand. Given a small change in income, we use point elasticity method, therefore Ed (income) = I/Q1XdQ1/dI= (80000/3000) X 50/1000 = 1.33
Managerial Economics Oxford University Press, 2006
Elasticity
If price elasticity of petrol is 0.5, how much of price increase would be required to reduce consumption by 10%? Ed = (dQ/Q)/ dP/P= 0.5 Now dQ/Q = 10% = 0.1, so dP/P = .1/.5= .2 or 20%
Elasticity of demand
Elasticity of demand can also be expressed as: ed = Marginal quantity demanded divided by Average quantity demanded= Q/ P divided by Q/P,
Distinctive types.
guesses about the values of demand determinants, such as the future price of a commodity or of its substitutes, future incomes of buyers, prospects of easy availability or otherwise in the future, or future promotional outlays.
Interest rate elasticity and demand for consumers durables: In USA elasticity of interest rates to housing demand is estimates at .15 which means a ten per cent increase in interest rates would result in 1.5% change in housing demand.
Managerial Economics Oxford University Press, 2006
Engles
iii) The percentage expenditure on fuel, light, rent, etc. also remains practically the same at all levels of income. iv) However, the percentage expenditure on what may be called comforts and luxuries of life increases with increase in income and vice versa.
Managerial Economics Oxford University Press, 2006
Propensity continued
A higher marginal propensity to consume leads to faster economic growth through its multiplier effects, unless there exist bottlenecks on the supply side like in the developing world The propensity to consume declines as incomes keep on increasing
Managerial Economics Oxford University Press, 2006