BASIC EMBRYOLOGY PART I

Basic Embryology
PART I

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Embryology
study of the development of single individual Prenatal period
Embryology

origin

and

Embryonic period first 8 weeks (56 days) Fetal period remaining 30 weeks (210 days)

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Development of embryology
Aristotle, B.C 384-322 Semen+menstration Harvey, 1651: All life from oocyte Malpighi, 1675: A micro-chicken in an egg Leewenhoek, 1677 : A micro-human in a sperm Haeckel, 1868 Biogenetic law Spemann, 1869-1941 Experimental embryology

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Embryonic Period

Figure 3.1 (1 of 2)

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Fetal Period

Figure 3.1 (2 of 2)

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The Basic Body Plan

dermis and epidermis Outer body wall trunk muscles, ribs, vertebrae Body cavity and digestive tube (inner tube) Kidneys and gonads deep to body wall Limbs
Skin

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The Basic Body Plan

Figure 3.2

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The Embryonic Period

Week

1 from zygote to blastocyst

Conception in lateral third of uterine tube

Zygote

(fertilized oocyte) moves toward the uterus Blastomeres daughter cells formed from zygote

Morula solid cluster of 1216 blastomeres

Mulberry

Blastocyst fluid-filled structure ~ 60 cells

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The Embryonic Period

Stages

of first week

Zygote 4-cell Morula Early blastocyst Late blastocyst (implants at this stage)

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Fertilization & Its process

Sperm bind to sperm receptor ZP-3 induce Acrosome reactionrelease of acrosomal enzyme
Penetration and release of acrosomal nucleus acrosome enzyme

Cell membrane of ovum

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ovum fertilized ovum sperm

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Zona reaction: Cortical granulesperivitelline

space degrade ZP-3, alteration of zona pellucida barrier for sperm penetration

The

second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte is rapidly lifted and the second polar body is released, leaving a haploid female nucleus.

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Contac of sperm and ovum

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Sperm penetrate into the ovum

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Formation & Fusion of Male and Female Pronuclei

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Fertilization and the Events of the First 6 Days of Development

Figure 3.3

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Process of fertilization

Fusion of the membrane of sperm and ovum

The nucleus of sperm penetrate into ovum

Formation of pronuclei

Fusion of pronuclei

Alteration of ovum

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Week 2 The Two-Layered Embryo

Bilaminar

embryonic disc inner cell mass divided into two sheets

Epiblast and the hypoblast
Together

they make up the bilaminar embryonic disc

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Week 2 The Two-Layered Embryo

Amniotic

sac formed by an extension of epiblast

Outer membrane forms the amnion Inner membrane forms the amniotic sac cavity
Filled

with amniotic fluid

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Week 2 The Two-Layered Embryo

Yolk

sac formed by an extension of hypoblast

Digestive tube forms from yolk sac NOT a major source of nutrients for embryo Tissues around yolk sac
Gives

rise to earliest blood cells and blood vessels

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Implantation of the Blastocyst

Figure 3.4 (1 of 3)

Implantation of the Blastocyst

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Figure 3.4 (2 of 3)

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Implantation of the Blastocyst

Figure 3.4 (3 of 3)

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Week 3 The Three-Layered Embryo

streak raised groove on the dorsal surface of the epiblast Gastrulation a process of invagination of epiblast cells
Primitive

Begins at the primitive streak Forms the three primary germ layers

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Week 3 The Three-Layered Embryo

Three

Germ Layers*

Endoderm formed from migrating cells that replace the hypoblast Mesoderm formed between epiblast and endoderm Ectoderm formed from epiblast cells that stay on dorsal surface *All layers derive from epiblast cells!

The Primitive Streak

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Figure 3.5eh

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The Notochord
Primitive

node a swelling at one end of primitive streak

Notochord endoderm forms from primitive node and

Notochord

defines body axis

Is the site of the future vertebral column Appears on day 16

Formation of the Mesoderm and Notochord

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Figure 3.6

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Neurulation
Neurulation

ectoderm starts forming brain and

spinal cord

Neural plate ectoderm in the dorsal midline thickens Neural groove ectoderm folds inward

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Neurulation
Neurulation
Neural

(continued)

tube a hollow tube pinches off into the

body Cranial part of the neural tube becomes the brain Maternal folic acid deficiency causes neural tube defects

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Neurulation
Neural

crest

Cells originate from ectodermal cells Forms sensory nerve cells Ability of one group of cells to influence developmental direction of other cells

Induction

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The Mesoderm Begins to Differentiate

Somites

our first body segments

Paraxial mesoderm

Intermediate

mesoderm begins as a continuous strip of tissue just lateral to the paraxial mesoderm

The Mesoderm Begins to Differentiate

Lateral

plate most lateral part of the mesoderm

Coelom becomes serous body cavities

mesoderm apposed to the ectoderm Splanchnic mesoderm apposed to the endoderm
Somatic

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THANK YOU ALL FOR ATTENDING THIS LECTURE

Basic Embryology
PART II & III WILL BE COMING SHORTLY BY NEXT LECTURE IN SHAA ALLAH.