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Labor Groups
1. Union de Litografos e Impresores de Filipinas, formed in January, 1902 by Isabelo de los Reyescharacterized by: (a) the confluence of the interests of labor and management; (b) used the union as vehicles for nationalist propaganda since pro-independence political parties were still banned; (c) much concerned with the civic and moral education of their membership as their contribution to the building of a responsible citizenry which could be entrusted with independence; (d) were led by ilustrados who infused into these organizations their own political outlook. 2. Union Obrera Democrata (U.O.D.)followed the first labor union when members decided to reorganize themselves as federation of smaller unions of printers, litographers, cigar-makers, tailors, shoemakers with 150 affiliated unions of 10,000 members; led by Dr. Dominador Gomez and later by Lope K. Santos, a printer and newspaperman as the last president which became known as the 3. Union del Trabajo de Filipinas which was decimated by political rivalries by 1907.
Peasant Unions
1. Union ng Magsasakaformed in Bulacan in bu1917 to fight the evils of tenancy and usury. 2. Anak Pawasfounded in Pampanga by peasant leaders with the aim of unionizing the tenants and rural laborers of the entire province. 3. Union de Aparceros de Filipinasfounded by Jacinto Manahan in 1919 with the aim of uniting in one federation all peasant organizations of the country leading to the First Tenant Congress in Manila in August, 1922 in turn leading to the forming of 4. Katipunan ng mga Mangagawa at Magsasaka sa Pilipinas, or Confederacion Nacional de Aparceros y Obreros Agricolas de Filipinas. 5. Katipunan Pambansa ng mga Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (KPMP)was the new identity given by Manahan during the 1928 convention of the National Confederation of Tenants and Farm Laborers; as a militant radical force in Philippine society, it secured the passage of a resolution endorsing it to the Christentern or Peasant International. 6. Union de Arrendatarios was organized by the lease holders in Hacienda Esperanza in Nueva Ecija to protest the changes made by the owners in the terms of their contracts.
Social Movers
1. Patricio Dionisiofounder of Tangulan, a leftist organization. 2. Teodoro Asedillojoined the Anak Pawis; and with Nicolas Encallado fought the Philippine Constabulary, disreputable government officials and big landlords on behalf of the masses in the Southern Tagalog region; his bullet-ridden body was taken around places as abject lesson to the people. 3. Benigno Ramospublished a weekly tabloid, Sakdal criticizing the political and economic oligarchy and the widening gap between the rich and the poor; founded the Sakdalista party but hes branded as an opportunist. 4. Pedro Abad Santospopularly known as Don Perico due to his elite upbringing; the most famous, militant leader of the peasantry from 1935 up to the outbreak of the war; his Socialist movement spread throughout Central Luzonled to the Socialist Party.
Peasant Organizations
1. Kapisanan Panahon Na (The Time Has Come) composed of tenants in haciendas owned by the Catholic church in Central Luzon and the Southern Tagalog Region agitating for government purchase of Church lands for resale to the tillers. 2. Dumating Na (It Has Come)composed of tenants of Hacienda Buenavista in San Rafael, Bulacan. 3. Handa Na (We Are Ready)composed of tenants of San Ildefonso, Bulacan. 4. Oras Na (It Is Time)composed of tenants in the Jesuit estate in San Pedro Tunasan, Laguna. 5. Yapak (Barefoot)composed of tenants in San Pedro, Laguna seeking to seize the estate owned by the Colegio de San Jose to be distributed among members.
Social Dynamics
While the peasants had the Pambansang Kaiasahan ng mga Magbubukid (PKM) aiming to: (a) the extension of bank credit facilities to small farmers; (b) purchase big estates for resale to tenants on easy terms; and (c) humanization of tenant-landlord relationships; the caciques had their private armies, the largest of which was Cawal ning Capayapaan (Knights of Peace) founded by Gov. Sotero Baluyot of Pampanga plus the Tambuli Ordinances forbidding the gathering of two or more people after dusk.