Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
a b
e t
b a t f
a
b t a
0.0000
50.0000
100.0000
150.0000
200.0000
250.0000
300.0000
350.0000
400.0000
450.0000
500.0000
0.0000 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000 5.0000 6.0000
47
Time-Area
48
Time-Area
Time
Q % Area
Time
100%
Time
of conc.
49
Time-Area
50
Hypothetical Example
A 190 mi
2
watershed is divided into 8 isochrones of travel time.
The linear reservoir routing coefficient, R, estimated as 5.5 hours.
A time interval of 2.0 hours will be used for the computations.
51
Rule of Thumb
R - The linear reservoir routing coefficient
can be estimated as approximately 0.75
times the time of concentration.
52
Basin Breakdown
Map
Area #
Bounding
Isochrones
Area
(mi
2
)
Cumulative
Area (mi
2
)
Cumulative
Time (hrs)
1 0-1 5 5 1.0
2 1-2 9 14 2.0
3 2-3 23 37 3.0
4 3-4 19 58 4.0
5 4-5 27 85 5.0
6 5-6 26 111 6.0
7 6-7 39 150 7.0
8 7-8 40 190 8.0
TOTAL 190 190 8.0
53
Incremental Area
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
I
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
l
A
r
e
a
(
s
q
a
u
r
e
m
i
l
e
s
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time Increment (hrs)
54
Cumulative Time-Area Curve
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time (hrs)
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
A
r
e
a
(
s
q
a
u
r
e
m
i
l
e
s
)
55
Trouble Getting a Time-Area
Curve?
0.5) Ti (0 for 414 . 1
5 . 1
s s =
i i
T TA
1.0) Ti (0.5 for ) 1 ( 414 . 1 1
5 . 1
s s =
i i
T TA
Synthetic time-area curve -
The U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (HEC 1990)
56
Instantaneous UHG
) 1 (
) 1 (
+ =
i i i
IUH c cI IUH
t R
t
c
A +
A
=
2
2
At = the time step used n the
calculation of the translation unit
hydrograph
The final unit hydrograph may be
found by averaging 2
instantaneous unit hydrographs
that are a At time step apart.
57
Computations
Time
(hrs)
(1)
Inc.
Area
(mi
2
)
(2)
Inc.
Translated
Flow (cfs)
(3)
Inst.
UHG
(4)
IUHG
Lagged 2
hours
(5)
2-hr
UHG
(cfs)
(6)
0 0 0 0 0
2 14 4,515 1391 0 700
4 44 14,190 5333 1,391 3,360
6 53 17,093 8955 5,333 7,150
8 79 25,478 14043 8,955 11,500
10 0 0 9717 14,043 11,880
12 6724 9,717 8,220
14 4653 6,724 5,690
16 3220 4,653 3,940
18 2228 3,220 2,720
20 1542 2,228 1,890
22 1067 1,542 1,300
24 738 1,067 900
26 510 738 630
28 352 510 430
30 242 352 300
32 168 242 200
34 116 168 140
36 81 116 100
38 55 81 70
40 39 55 50
42 26 39 30
44 19 26 20
46 13 19 20
48 13
58
Incremental Areas
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time Increments (2 hrs)
A
r
e
a
I
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
(
s
q
u
a
r
e
m
i
l
e
s
)
59
Incremental Flows
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1 2 3 4 5 6
Time Increments (2 hrs)
T
r
a
n
s
l
a
t
e
d
U
n
i
t
H
y
d
r
o
g
r
a
p
h
60
Instantaneous UHG
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (hrs)
F
l
o
w
(
c
f
s
/
i
n
c
h
)
61
Lag & Average
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (hrs)
F
l
o
w
(
c
f
s
/
i
n
c
h
)
62
Geomorphologic
Uses stream network topology and probability concepts
Law of Stream Numbers
range: 3-5
Law of Stream Lengths
range: 1.5-3.5
Law of Stream Areas
range:3-6
B
1
R
N
N
=
e
e
L
1
R
L
L
=
e
e
A
1
R
A
A
=
e
e
63
Strahler Stream Ordering
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
2
64
Probability Concepts
Water travels through basin, making transitions from lower to
higher stream order
Travel times and transition probabilities can be approximated
using Strahler stream ordering scheme
Obtain a probability density function analogous to an
instantaneous unit hydrograph
Can ignore surface/subsurface travel times to get a channel-
based GIUH
65
GIUH Equations
Channel-based, triangular instantaneous
unit hydrograph:
L
O
in km, V in m/s, q
p
in hr
-1
, t
p
in hrs
V R
L
31 . 1
q
43 . 0
L p
O
=
38 . 0
L
55 . 0
A
B
p
R
R
R
V
L 44 . 0
t
O
|
|
.
|
\
|
=