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by: Mohamad Taufik Hidayat b. Baharuldin Unit of Physiology, Department of Human Anatomy, FPSK, UPM
Key Concepts:
1) Water is the most abundant constituent of body fluids. 2) Water moves from one body to compartment to another in response to pressure changes. 3) The bodys acid-base balance is maintained by buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation. 4) Chemicals called electrolytes are crucial to the regulation of fluid balance.
- All body fluids either ICF or ECF - ICF include water & electrolytes enclosed by cell membranes , 63% of total body water - ECF include ISF, blood plasma & transcellular fluid, 37% of total body water - Transcellular fluid: cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous & vitreous humor, serous fluid, peritoneal fluid
- Movements of water from one compartment to another is controlled by 1) hydrostatic pressure 2) osmotic pressure
Water
- 47 60% of total body weight, depending on sex, body fat & age - Adult female less water/unit weight, bcoz have more adipose tissue than males
Functions of water
1) Acts in the transport of nutrients to cells and in carrying waste products from cells. 2) It provide a liquid medium for intracellular chemical reactions 3) Acts as a solvent for electrolytes & other solutes 4) Helps maintain body temperature, aids digestion & promotes excretion
Intake of water
- Under normal conditions, water is taken into and excreted from the body in equal amounts - 60% intake thru ingested fluids drinking water - 30% intake thru ingested foods preformed water - 10% by metabolic water byproduct of the oxidation of food in cells
Output of water
- Under normal conditions, the kidneys are the primary organs responsible for excreting water 60%
- Positive ions are called cations, and negative ions are anions
- Most physiologically important electrolytes : sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen, bicarbonate, chloride, phosphate & sulfate
Electrolytes have four major functions in the body: a) Facilitates normal cell metabolism b) Facilitate osmotic movement of water c) Help maintain acid-base balance d) Production and maintenance of RMP & AP
Sodium
- Sodium content of an adult is 142 mEq/L in ECF, ICF = 5 mEq/L - Sodium is a very important ion in osmotic regulation - Low plasma sodium concentration is called hyponatremia and high is hypernatremia
a) Aldosterone
b) ADH
Decrease in sodium concentration (hypo-osmol)
GFR
Blood volume
Blood pressure
Potassium
- Potassium content of an adult is 4.5 mEq/L in ECF, ICF = 140 mEq/L
- Extremely important in generating & maintaining resting membrane potential and also in repolarizing action potentials
- Most lost due to excretion in urine, some in sweat & feces
Chloride
- Normal plasma concentration is 103 mEq/L, high concentration in ECF
- Play major role in maintaining water balance (by maintain osmotic pressure)
- Its movement follow sodium or potassium (electrical charged) - When sodium is reabsorbed actively, chloride follows passively - When potassium is secreted, chloride accompanies it
Calcium
- Normal concentration in ECF is 4.5-5.5 mEq/L - Major roles in structural & component of bones and teeth, blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve-impulse transmission - Plasma level is under control of PTH & CT (parathyroid hormone & calcitonin)
Phosphate
- Normal concentration in ECF is 1.7-2.6 mEq/L
- Plasma level is also under the control of PTH & CT (parathyroid hormone & calcitonin)
- Found in bones & teeth in form of calcium phosphate salts
Acid-Base Balance
- When one refer to the regulation of the acid-base balance in the body, its meant the regulation of hydrogen ions in body fluids - Enzymes and hormones activities can all be affected by the concentration of hydrogen ions - The pH of blood is maintained b/ween 7.35-7.45 - Maintaining an acceptable pH range is accomplished by: a) Chemical buffer systems (very rapid react, less than a second) b) Respiratory regulation (rapid react, second to minutes) c) Renal regulation (slow react, minutes to hours)
- If hydrogen ions generated is , they react with bicarbonate ion H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 CO2 + H2O (concentration of H+ remain unchanged) - If hydrogen ions are lost , more carbonic acid dissociates H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- (concentration of H+ remain unchanged) - If a strong acid/base is added such as HCl or NaOH???? HCl + NaHCO3 NaCl + H2CO3 ;
H 2O
R-NH2 + H+ R-NH3+
Renal Regulation of pH
b) ph regulation by ammonia
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis