Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Topics
Introduction Types of reproduction Reproductive cycle Sexual behaviour/sexual act (Read Notes) Components of sexual act in males (Read Notes) Puberty
Introduction
Why do we need to reproduce?
Types of Reproduction
Attributes Sexual Asexual
Parents
Gametes
Both
Present
One
None Absent
Weaning
Lactation
Coitus
Parturition
Pregnancy
Erection
Engorgement of penis with blood Erection reflex - a spinal reflex triggered by mechanoreceptors on glans penis Tactile stimulation on glans triggers parasymphatetic activity Vasodilation is rapid and full erection achieved in 5 10 seconds Bulbourethral gland secretes mucus for lubrication Reflex can be stimulated/inhibited by nervous centre that have the final nervous pathway in the autonomic nerves (innervates the penile arteriole e.g., erection can occur due to sight or a seductive memory without stimulation of glans penis) Reflex can also be inhibited even though glans penis is stimulated e.g., impotence. This condition is usually more influenced by psychology rather than physical impairment (damage to nerve supply that disturbs the autonomic function and circulation problems to the penis)
Erection reflex
Parasymphatetic supply Parasymphatetic supply Symphatetic to bulbo-urethral to penile arterioles supply to penile and urethral glands arterioles
+
Mucus
Lubrication
Erection
Compresses veins
Ejaculation (1)
A spinal reflex Occurs when excitement stage reach a climax Consists of two phases:emission phase and expulsion phase Emission phase Symphatetic impulse will cause sequences of smooth muscle contraction at prostate gland, vas deferens and seminal vesicles. The prostatic fluid, seminal vesicles fluid and spermatozoa will drained into urethra
Ejaculation (2)
Expulsion phase The sphincter at the bladder will close to prevent semen from entering urethra with urine - Entry of semen into urethra will trigger impulses that activates skeletal muscles at the base of the penis - Rhythmic contractions of these muscles (intervals of 0.8 s) together with pressure on pelvis will cause ejaculation
Definition Hardening of the normally flaccid penis to permit its entry into the vagina
Accomplished by
Engorgement of the penis erectile tissue with blood as a result of marked parasymphatetically induced vasodilation of the penile arterioles and mechanical compression of veins
Ejaculation Emission phase Emptying of sperm and accessory sex gland secretions (semen) into urethra Forceful expulsion of semen from penis
Symphatetically-induced contraction of the smooth muscle in walls of the ducts and accessory sex glands
Expulsion phase
Puberty (1)/adolescence
Morphology, physiology and behavioral changes that occurs to an individual Rapid changes of adolescence start gradually, 9 to 11 years old for girls, 13 years old for boys. Hormone changes responsible actually begin some years earlier and may produce periods of moodiness and restlessness Girls start these changes before boys and will, for the first three or four years, appear to be maturing much faster. Male growth spurt two years later than female
Physical changes
Sign of puberty (female) menstruation (first time), male (first ejaculation usually without sperm) After 2-4 years, other changes occurs to the body and sexual organs Changes dependent on sex steroids from gonads and adrenal glands and also growth hormone Adolescent growth spurt minimum growth velocity, peak height velocity, decreased growth velocity and cessation of growth at epiphyseal fusion Shoulders broader in men, hips broader in women Lean body mass (1.5X > in males), body fat (2X > in females), skeletal mass (1.5X > in males). Is that why men are stronger?
Behaviour problems
What do I do with you!!!! I dont know you anymore!
Leadership Qualities
Mimicking behavior
Mimicking behavior
Mimicking behavior
Eating problems Drugs, solvents and alcohol Abuse - Any physical, emotional and sexual abuse may occur
in adolescence and may cause many of the problems mentioned - Families with these problems need expert advice and should seek help. - It is important to remember that once a child or teenager has been subjected to any form of abuse, they grow up to become abusers themselves