MEDICAL IMAGING

Primary purpose is to identify pathologic

conditions.
Requires recognition of normal anatomy

and physiology.
Create image of body part

Disease Monitoring

Medical imaging is the technique and process used to create images of the human body or its parts for clinical purposes .
Non-invasive visualization of internal organs, tissue, etc.

Projection X-ray (Radiography) Ultrasound

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)

X-rays: A form of Electromagnetic Energy

travelling at the speed of light.

Properties

No mass No charge Energy Wavelength Range of 0.01 to 10 nanometer

Creation Of Image

X-rays that pass through the body to the film render the film dark (black). X-rays that are totally blocked do not reach the film and render the film light (white). Air = low atomic no. = x-rays get through = image is dark

Metal = high atomic no. = x-rays blocked = image is light (white)

Ultrasound
Ultrasound
Sound whose frequency is greater than that perceivable by humans (>20kHz)

Medical Ultrasound Imaging

1-12MHz 1.5 mm 0.125 mm

Means of interrogation:
High-frequency sound is transmitted into the body, usually in very short pulses. Returning echoes are analyzed to create an image

Principle Of Ultrasound Imaging Launch short (0.2-2 s) ultrasound pulse into tissue Listen for sound reflected and scattered by tissues Reflections due to variations in acoustic impedance Display gray-scale image

CT SCAN
What is COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ?
Digital geometry processing is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation.
It creates cross-sectional images, e.g. of the brain and shows the structure of the brain, but not its function CT scans use a series of X-ray beams

Phases of CT imaging
1. 2. Scanning the patient Data Acquisition I. Tube and detector move II. Multiple attenuation measurements are taken around object. 3. Image reconstruction 4. Image Display 5. Image archival (recording)

Scanning Methods
Conventional CT Axial Start/stop
1.X-ray tube and detector rotate 360 2.Patient table is stationary with X-rays on 3.Produces one cross-sectional image 4. Once this is complete patient is moved to next position Process starts again at the beginning Volumetric CT Helical or spiral CT Continuous acquisition 1.X-ray tube and detector rotate 360 2.Patient table moves continuously With X-rays on 3.Produces a helix of image information 4.This is reconstructed into 30 to 1000 images

Basic Principle
Hydrogen nuclei(protons) under a strong magnetic field in phase with one another and align with the field Relaxed protons induce a measurable radio signal 1952
+Main modality for image guided surgery. +Ability to discriminate between subtle surfaces. +Very safe. --Not effective for bone scanning.

Basic Steps for image processing

Acquisition of Image
o Medical image data is acquired one slice at a time. o Resulting data set comprises n slices, each containing w x h pixels.

Data Storage

Array starts with the rst row of the rst slice and so on until the end of the rst slice. Next, the array continues with the rst row of the second slice, then the second row of the second slice, and so on.

Image Formation
A single slice corresponds to a k space plane acquired in real-time

The K-Space undergoes an Inverse Fourier Transform. Following this mathematical step, we finally have an image

Data visualisation

Medical image data is commonly visualised by two methods. 1.Reslicing 2.Surface rendering