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CHAPTER 2

GAS POWER CYCLE I (INTERNAL COMBUSTION

CHAPTER 2 GAS POWER CYCLE I (INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES CYCLE)


2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 THERMODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS OF POWER CYCLE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES CYCLES THE CARNOT CYCLE AIR STANDARD ASSUMPTION

2.6 RECIPROCATING ENGINE (PISTONCYLINDER DEVICE) 2.7 2.8 2.9 INDICATOR DIAGRAM (P-V DIAGRAM) IDEAL OTTO CYCLE IDEAL DIESEL CYCLE

2.1

THERMODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE

POWER GENERATION

REFRIGERATION

POWER PLANT

ENGINE

REFRIGERATOR

AIR CONDITIONING

CH 3: GAS CH 4: VAPOR

CH 2

CH 5

CH 6

2.2
ACTUAL CYCLE

ANALYSIS OF POWER CYCLE


P Actual cycle

IDEAL CYCLE
Simplified

Complicate d

Ide al cycle v

Idealization

ANALYSIS
Internal Irreversibility Chemical Friction Heat transfer Mixing of fluid Electric resistance Insufficient time for Internal reversible No friction: No pressure difference Working Fluid: Neglect & line PE well KE Pipe insulated: No heat transfer Quasi equilibrium

Fast

Slow

2.3

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES CYCLES


INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

PETROL ENGINE

CARNOT ENGINE CARNOT CYCLE


P
1 qin

DIESEL ENGINE

OTTO CYCLE
3

DIESEL CYCLE
P
2

qin

3
Ise nt ro pic

qin
2

Ise ntr op ic

2
4

qout
1

4 q out 3

Isent r
TDC

opic

Ise ntr

4 qout 1
BDC

op ic

BDC

TDC

2.4
P
1 q in
TH co = ns t.

THE CARNOT CYCLE


q in
Isentropic Isentropic

2
trop Isen

4
on st .

q out TL = c

The Most Efficient Cycle T That Can Be Executed T Between a Heat Sourse and a Sink Standard for T Comparison
v PROCESSES

TH = const.

Insulation

Energy source at TH, QH

Insulation

TH TL

B) PROCESS 2-3

(2)

Isentropi c Expansio

Isotherm sink at al Heat TL, QL Rejectio n C) PROCESS 3-4

Energy

TL = const.

pic Isentro

4 q out

ic

s
(1) (4)
TH

(1) (2)

A) PROCESS 12

D) PROCESS 4-1

Isotherm al Heat Addition

Isentropic Compressi on

TL

(4)

2.4.1 A STEADY-FLOW CARNOT ENGINE

q in

T
TH

q in 1 2

2
c i p o r t n e s I

4 q out 3

TL

4 q out

c i p o r t n e s I

Example 2-1: Show that the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the temperature limits of TH and TL is solely a function of these two temperatures and is given by equation
T
Isentropic TH

q in
Isentropic

TL

4 q out

2.5
FUEL Combustion AIR

AIR STANDARD ASSUMPTION


ACTUAL COMBUSTION FUEL + AIR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS Complicated Analysis Simplify the analysis

COMB. PROD.

HEAT AIR Heating section AIR

AIR STANDARD ASSUMPTION


Internally reversible

The combustion process Heat addition process from external sources Working fluid: Air circulated in closed loop N2 predominant: Hard for Ideal gas chemical

Cold Air Standard Assumption: Air constant specific heat at room temperature (25 C): CV and CP

2.6

RECIPROCATING ENGINE (PISTON-CYLINDER DEVICE)


TYPE OF ENGINES P P-V DIAGRAM

Air+Fuel Mixture

Air SI Fuel CI spray Engine Engine 2 2 strokes strokes 4 4 strokes strokes TERMINOLOGY

MEP

Vmin TDC

Vmax BDC

Valves

Clearance volume TDC Stroke

Displacement volume

Bore

Cylinder

BDC Piston

Compression @ Volume ratio (r)

Mean effective pressure (MEP)

2.6.1 2-STROKES ENGINE


Exhaus t gas

Fuel+Air

State 1 Compression stroke Actual

State 2

State 3 Power stroke


Cooling fins Piston Transfer port

State 4

Glow plug

Cylinder head Exhaust port

Ideal

Ex p

an

Exhaus t open

si on

Inlet open

Intake port Connecting rod Crankshaft

Ignition

Co mp n

r es

Inlet close

2
Crankcase

4 1

si o
Exhaus t close BDC

TDC

P-V Diagram: 2-Stroke SI Engine

TDC

BDC V

2.6.2 4-STROKES ENGINE


Exhaust gas Exhaust gas Fuel+Air Fuel+Air

State 1

State 2

State 3

State 4

State 1

State 5

State 5

State 1

Compression stroke

End of combustion

Actual

Power stroke
Inlet cam

Plug

Exhaust stroke
Exhaust cam Valves

Intake stroke

Ideal

Ignition

Ex

Water jacket

valve open Exhaust Patm TDC

on Co mp re Intake n ssi o

pa n

si

Exhaus t valve open

Piston Connecting rod Crankshaft

2 5
TDC

4 1
BDCV

Intake BDC

P-V Diagram: 4-Stroke SI Engine

2.7
Power Loop
Area enclosed by the Compressio n and Expansion curve Net work done on the piston by the gas

INDICATOR DIAGRAM (P-V DIAGRAM)


P
Ex p an

Pumping Loop
si on Co mp re n ssio
Exhaust Intake Pumping Loop TDC BDC Power Loop

Area enclosed by the Exhaust and Intake curve Net work done by the piston on the gas

Area Under Curve


Compression Curve: Work done by the piston on MEP: Expansion Curve: Work done on the piston by the gas

2.8
P
3

IDEAL OTTO CYCLE: SI ENGINE


T
qin
3

qin
2 4

qout
1

2 1

qout

TDC

BDC

V
qin qout
AIR

AIR

AIR

(2)

(2)

(3)

(3)

AIR

(1)
(A) ISENTROPIC (B) VCONSTANT (C) ISENTROPIC

(4)

(4)
(D) vConstant

(1)

2.8.1 IDEAL OTTO CYCLE ANALYSIS


P
3

ANALYSIS
4

qin

qin
2

qout
1

TDC

BDC

Energy Equation: q + w = u

qout

HEAT TRANSFER

ISENTROPIC PROCESS (1-2) & (3-4)

THERMAL EFFICIENCY

COMPRESSION RATIO

Cold Air Standard Assumption

r , Limit: Too high Auto-ignition Engine knock

Example 2-2: An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 100kPa and 17 C, and 800kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the constant-volume heataddition process. Accounting for the variation of specific heats of air with temperature, determine (a) the maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle, (b) the net work output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and (d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.

P,kPa
3

qin
Ise ntr op ic

Isentr

4
opic

qout
1

10 0 v2 = v3 = (1/8)v1

v1 = v v4

T P ? w MEP?
3, 3 net th

2.9
P
2

IDEAL DIESEL CYCLE: CI ENGINE


T
2 4q out 1 1

qin

qin

qout

TDC

BDC

V
qin qout
AIR

AIR

AIR

(2)

(2) (3) (3) (4)


(B) PConstant (C) Isentropic

AIR

(1)
(A) Isentropic

(4)
(D) vConstant Heat

(1)

2.9.1 IDEAL DIESEL CYCLE ANALYSIS


P
2

qin

ANALYSI S
4q out 1

T
2

qin

TDC

BDC V

Energy Equation (NonFlowing Fluid): q + w = u

qout
1

s
COMPRESSIO N RATIO & CUT OFF RATIO

HEAT TRANSFER

ISENTROPIC PROCESS (1-2) & (3-4)

THERMAL EFFICIENCY

Cold Air Standard

Example 2-3 : An ideal Diesel cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 18 and a cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning of the compression process, the working fluid is at 100kPa, 27 C, and 1917cm2. Utilizing the cold-air standard assumptions, determine (a) the temperature and pressure of air at the end of each process, (b) the net work output and the thermal efficiency, and (c) the mean effective pressure.

P,kPa
2

qin

3
Ise nt ro pic

4
Ise ntr op ic

qout
1

14. 7

T P ? w MEP?
, net , th

v2 = (v1 / 18)

v3 = 2v2

v1 = v v4

END OF CHAPTER 2

GAS POWER CYCLE I (INTERNAL COMBUSTION

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