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2.6 RECIPROCATING ENGINE (PISTONCYLINDER DEVICE) 2.7 2.8 2.9 INDICATOR DIAGRAM (P-V DIAGRAM) IDEAL OTTO CYCLE IDEAL DIESEL CYCLE
2.1
THERMODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS
THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE
POWER GENERATION
REFRIGERATION
POWER PLANT
ENGINE
REFRIGERATOR
AIR CONDITIONING
CH 3: GAS CH 4: VAPOR
CH 2
CH 5
CH 6
2.2
ACTUAL CYCLE
IDEAL CYCLE
Simplified
Complicate d
Ide al cycle v
Idealization
ANALYSIS
Internal Irreversibility Chemical Friction Heat transfer Mixing of fluid Electric resistance Insufficient time for Internal reversible No friction: No pressure difference Working Fluid: Neglect & line PE well KE Pipe insulated: No heat transfer Quasi equilibrium
Fast
Slow
2.3
PETROL ENGINE
DIESEL ENGINE
OTTO CYCLE
3
DIESEL CYCLE
P
2
qin
3
Ise nt ro pic
qin
2
Ise ntr op ic
2
4
qout
1
4 q out 3
Isent r
TDC
opic
Ise ntr
4 qout 1
BDC
op ic
BDC
TDC
2.4
P
1 q in
TH co = ns t.
2
trop Isen
4
on st .
q out TL = c
The Most Efficient Cycle T That Can Be Executed T Between a Heat Sourse and a Sink Standard for T Comparison
v PROCESSES
TH = const.
Insulation
Insulation
TH TL
B) PROCESS 2-3
(2)
Isentropi c Expansio
Energy
TL = const.
pic Isentro
4 q out
ic
s
(1) (4)
TH
(1) (2)
A) PROCESS 12
D) PROCESS 4-1
Isentropic Compressi on
TL
(4)
q in
T
TH
q in 1 2
2
c i p o r t n e s I
4 q out 3
TL
4 q out
c i p o r t n e s I
Example 2-1: Show that the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the temperature limits of TH and TL is solely a function of these two temperatures and is given by equation
T
Isentropic TH
q in
Isentropic
TL
4 q out
2.5
FUEL Combustion AIR
COMB. PROD.
The combustion process Heat addition process from external sources Working fluid: Air circulated in closed loop N2 predominant: Hard for Ideal gas chemical
Cold Air Standard Assumption: Air constant specific heat at room temperature (25 C): CV and CP
2.6
Air+Fuel Mixture
Air SI Fuel CI spray Engine Engine 2 2 strokes strokes 4 4 strokes strokes TERMINOLOGY
MEP
Vmin TDC
Vmax BDC
Valves
Displacement volume
Bore
Cylinder
BDC Piston
Fuel+Air
State 2
State 4
Glow plug
Ideal
Ex p
an
Exhaus t open
si on
Inlet open
Ignition
Co mp n
r es
Inlet close
2
Crankcase
4 1
si o
Exhaus t close BDC
TDC
TDC
BDC V
State 1
State 2
State 3
State 4
State 1
State 5
State 5
State 1
Compression stroke
End of combustion
Actual
Power stroke
Inlet cam
Plug
Exhaust stroke
Exhaust cam Valves
Intake stroke
Ideal
Ignition
Ex
Water jacket
on Co mp re Intake n ssi o
pa n
si
2 5
TDC
4 1
BDCV
Intake BDC
2.7
Power Loop
Area enclosed by the Compressio n and Expansion curve Net work done on the piston by the gas
Pumping Loop
si on Co mp re n ssio
Exhaust Intake Pumping Loop TDC BDC Power Loop
Area enclosed by the Exhaust and Intake curve Net work done by the piston on the gas
2.8
P
3
qin
2 4
qout
1
2 1
qout
TDC
BDC
V
qin qout
AIR
AIR
AIR
(2)
(2)
(3)
(3)
AIR
(1)
(A) ISENTROPIC (B) VCONSTANT (C) ISENTROPIC
(4)
(4)
(D) vConstant
(1)
ANALYSIS
4
qin
qin
2
qout
1
TDC
BDC
Energy Equation: q + w = u
qout
HEAT TRANSFER
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
COMPRESSION RATIO
Example 2-2: An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 100kPa and 17 C, and 800kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the constant-volume heataddition process. Accounting for the variation of specific heats of air with temperature, determine (a) the maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle, (b) the net work output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and (d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.
P,kPa
3
qin
Ise ntr op ic
Isentr
4
opic
qout
1
10 0 v2 = v3 = (1/8)v1
v1 = v v4
T P ? w MEP?
3, 3 net th
2.9
P
2
qin
qin
qout
TDC
BDC
V
qin qout
AIR
AIR
AIR
(2)
AIR
(1)
(A) Isentropic
(4)
(D) vConstant Heat
(1)
qin
ANALYSI S
4q out 1
T
2
qin
TDC
BDC V
qout
1
s
COMPRESSIO N RATIO & CUT OFF RATIO
HEAT TRANSFER
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Example 2-3 : An ideal Diesel cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 18 and a cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning of the compression process, the working fluid is at 100kPa, 27 C, and 1917cm2. Utilizing the cold-air standard assumptions, determine (a) the temperature and pressure of air at the end of each process, (b) the net work output and the thermal efficiency, and (c) the mean effective pressure.
P,kPa
2
qin
3
Ise nt ro pic
4
Ise ntr op ic
qout
1
14. 7
T P ? w MEP?
, net , th
v2 = (v1 / 18)
v3 = 2v2
v1 = v v4
END OF CHAPTER 2