1

Because without materials, there is no engineering.

5

Hardness as a function of carbon concentration for plain carbon martensitic and pearlitic steel

10

LAW OF MIXTURES
PROPERTIES OF MIXTURE A & B properties of phase A properties of phase B

AB f A A f B B
volume fraction of phase B volume fraction of phase B
11

OVERALL COMPOSITION MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS

PHASES

NUMBER OF PHASES COMPOSITION OF EACH PHASE WEIGHT FRACTION OF EACH PHASE SHAPE & SIZE OF THE PRESENT PHASES

12

Cu-Ni ALLOY

13

Cu-Ni ALLOY
Liquid

Solid Solution

14

Solid-Solution Strengthening & Phase Diagram

The effects of several alloying elements on the yield strength of copper.

15

Alloy Solidification

liquid

grain boundary formation

solid

grain boundary
16

Solidification crystallization

17

Cu-Ni ALLOY

STRUKTUR BERFASA TUNGGAL Ni larut dalam CU

Cu 86.5, Ni 9.0-11.0, Fe 1.0-1.8, Zn 1.0, Mn 1.0, Pb 0.05

fasa

batas butir 25 mm

18

Constructing the Phase Diagram

atomic fraction (at %)

Callister 6th Eq. 4.15

atomic mass ANi = 58.693 ACu = 63.546

at % Ni

80 x63 .546 80 x63 .546 20 x58 .693

= 81.2 at % Ni = 80 w % Cu = 20 w % weight fraction (wt %)

19

Constructing the Phase Diagram

Interpretation of Cooling Curves

20

Constructing the Phase Diagram

21

Determination of Phase Amounts

22

Compositions of Phases in Cu-Ni Phase Diagram

Tie lines and phase compositions for a Cu-40% Ni alloy at several temperatures

23

Cu-Ni Phase Transformation

volume fraction

24

Solid Solution & Compound

a. Liquid copper and liquid nickel are completely soluble in each other. b. Solid copper-nickel alloys display complete solid solubility, with copper and nickel atoms occupying random lattice sites. c. In copper-zinc alloys containing more than 30% Zn, a second phase forms because of the limited solubility of zinc in copper.

25

Phases in Al-Cu Phase Diagram

26

Chemical Compositions & Phases of Sn-Bi Alloy

27

Chemical Compositions & Phases of Sn-Bi Alloy

28

Chemical Compositions & Phases of Sn-Bi Alloy

29

Chemical Compositions & Phases of Sn-Bi Alloy

30

The five most important three-phase reactions in binary phase diagrams

31

A hypothetical phase diagram

1150oC: The in-betwen point is at 15% B. + L , a peritectic 920oC: This reaction occurs at 40% B: L1 + L2 a monotectic 750oC: This reaction occurs at 70% B: L + , a eutectic 450oC: This reaction occurs at 20% B: + , a eutectoid 300oC: This reaction occurs at 50% B: + a peritectoid
32

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

33

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Pb-2% Sn alloy
Solidification and microstructure of a Pb-2% Sn alloy.

The alloy solution.

is

single-phase

solid

34

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Solidification, precipitation, and microstructure of a Pb-10% Sn alloy. Some dispersion strengthening occurs as the solid precipitates.

Pb-10% Sn alloy

35

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Determine
a. the solubility of tin in solid lead at 100oC, b. the maximum solubility of lead in solid tin, c. the amount of that forms if a Pb-10% Sn alloy is cooled to 0oC, d. the masses of tin contained in the and phases, and e. mass of lead contained in the and phases. Assume that the total mass of the Pb-10% Sn alloy is 100 grams.

36

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

(a) The 100oC temperature intersects the solvus curve at 5% Sn. The solubility of tin (Sn) in lead (Pb) at 100oC therefore is 5%. (b) The maximum solubility of lead (Pb) in tin (Sn), which is found from the tin-rich side of the phase diagram, occurs at the eutectic temperature of 183oC and is 97.5% Sn. (c) At 0oC, the 10% Sn alloy is in a + region of the phase diagram. By drawing a tie line at 0oC and applying the lever rule, we find that:

(a)

% 10 - 2 100 8.2% 100 - 2

37

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

d. The mass of Sn in the a phase = 2% Sn 91.8 g of a phase
1.836 g 8.164 g

= 0.02 91.8 g = 1.836 g.

Since tin (Sn) appears in both the a and phases, the mass of Sn in the phase will be

= (10 1.836) g = 8.164 g.

e. Mass of Pb in the a phase = 98% Sn 91.8 g of a phase = 0.98 91.8 g = 89.964 g Mass of Pb in the phase
89.964 g 0.036 g

= 90 - 89.964 = 0.036 g.
38

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Summary of calculations

39

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Solidification and microstructure of the eutectic alloy Pb-61.9% Sn

40

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Solidification and microstructure of the eutectic alloy Pb-61.9% Sn

(a)

(b)

(a) Atom redistribution during lamellar growth of a lead-tin eutectic. Tin atoms from the liquid preferentially diffuse to the plates, and lead atoms diffuse to the plates. (b) Photomicrograph of the lead-tin eutectic microconstituent (x400).

41

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Amount of Phases in the Eutectic Alloy

a. Determine the amount and composition of each phase in a lead-tin alloy of eutectic composition. b. Calculate the mass of phases present.

c. Calculate the amount of lead and tin in each phase, assuming you have 200 g of the alloy.

42

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Amount of Phases in the Eutectic Alloy (a) The eutectic alloy contains 61.9% Sn a : (Pb 19% Sn) % a 97.5 61.9 100 45.35% 97.5 19.0 : (Pb 97.5% Sn) % 61.9 19.0 100 54.65% 97.5 19.0 (b) At a temperature just below the eutectic: The mass of the phase in 200 g of the alloy = mass of the alloy fraction of the phase = 200 g 0.4535 = 90.7 g The amount of the phase in 200 g of the alloy = mass of the alloy mass of the a phase = 200 g 0.5465 = 109.3 g

43

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Amount of Phases in the Eutectic Alloy

Mass of Pb in the phase = mass of the a phase in 200 g (concentration of Pb in ) = (90.7 g) (1 0.190) = 73.467 g Mass of Sn in the phase = mass of the a phase - mass of Pb in the a phase = (90.7 73.467 g) = 17.233 g Mass of Pb in phase = mass of the phase in 200 g (wt. fraction Pb in ) = (109.3 g) (1 0.975) = 2.73 g Mass of Sn in the phase = total mass of Sn mass of Sn in the phase = 123.8 g 17.233 g = 106.57 g
44

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

Amount of Phases in the Eutectic Alloy

Summary of calculations
45

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

The solidification and microstructure of a hypoeutectic alloy (Pb-30% Sn)

46

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

A hypoeutectic lead-tin alloy A hypereutectic lead-tin alloy

The dark constituent is the lead-rich solid , the light constituent is the tin-rich solid , and the fine plate structure is the eutectic (x400).
47

48

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

For a Pb-30% Sn alloy, determine the phases present, their amounts, and their compositions at 300oC, 200oC, 184oC, 182oC, and 0oC.

49

The Lead-tin Equilibrium Phase Diagram

The effect of the composition and strengthening mechanism on the tensile strength of lead-tin alloys.

50

51

AUSTENITE

75 mm

52

53

0.76 %w C

g
% w carbon
6.67 %w C

Fe3C

a
7 8 1 8

0.02 %w C

volume fraction

54

55

LAW OF MIXTURES
PROPERTIES OF MIXTURE A & B properties of phase A properties of phase B

AB f A A f B B
volume fraction of phase B volume fraction of phase B
56

57

58

59

60