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2km
Gateway
Gateway s
2km
Dense 802.11b-based mesh, all sorts of loss rates Goal is efficiency and high-throughput
packet
src C
dst
123 34 45 56 6
src C
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src
packet
dst C
packet
Figure out which nodes rxd broadcast Node closest to destination forwards
src
packet
dst C
Figure out which nodes rxd broadcast Node closest to destination forwards
ExORs Assumptions
1. Many receivers hear every broadcast 2. Gradual distance-vs-reception tradeoff 3. Receiver losses are uncorrelated
A B
src C
dst
Omni-directional antennas
Delivery Ratio
Same Source
Distance (meters)
Wide spread of ranges, delivery ratios Transmissions may get lucky and travel long distances
Two 50% links dont lose the same 50% of packets Losses not due to common source of interference
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
Traditional Path
Traditional routing must compromise between hops to choose ones that are long enough to make good progress but short enough for low loss rate With ExOR each transmission may have more independent chances of being received and forwarded It takes advantage of transmissions that reach unexpectedly far, or fall unexpectedly short
N1 N2 src N3 N4
Traditional routing: 1/0.25 + 1 = 5 transmissions
ExOR: 1/(1 (1 0.25)4) + 1 = 2.5 transmissions Assumes independent losses
dst
ExOR: Protocol
How often should ExOR run?
Per packet is expensive Use batches
Jump Ahead
The source chooses the participants (forwarder list) using ETX-like metric
Only considers forward delivery rate
The source runs a simulation and selects only the nodes which transmit at least 10% of the total transmission in a batch
A background process collects ETX information via periodic link-state flooding
Receiving nodes buffer successfully received packets till the end of the batch
The highest priority forwarder transmits from its buffer when the batch ends
These transmissions are called the nodes fragment of the batch
The remaining forwarders transmit in prioritized order Question: How does each forwarder know it is its turn to transmit - Assume other higher priority nodes send for five packet durations if not hearing anything from them
dest
payload
ACK
dest
Slotting prevents collisions (802.11 ACKs are synchronous) Only 2% overhead per candidate, assuming 1500 byte frames
A A
payload D
ACK C
ACK B
X X X
A: Sends frame with (D, C, B) as candidate set D: Broadcasts ACK D in first slot (not rxd by C, A) C: Broadcasts ACK C in second slot (not rxd by D) B: Broadcasts ACK D in third slot Node D is now responsible for forwarding the packet
-HdrLen & PayloadLen indicate size of ExOR header and payload respectively -PktNum is current packets offset in the batch, corresponding to the current batch-map entry -FragSz is size of currently sending nodes fragment (in packets) -FragNum is current packets offset within the fragment -FwdListSise is is number of forwarders in list
Weaknesses
Requires (partial) link-state graph Candidate selection is tricky Requires changes to MAC
1 kilometer
Figure 8: The distribution of throughputs of ExOR and traditional routing between the 65 node pairs. The plots shows the median throughput achieved for each pair over nine experimental runs.
Median throughputs:
800
600 400 200
0
Node Pair
Figure 9: The 25 highest throughput pairs, sorted by traditional routing throughput. The bars show each pair's median throughput, and the error bars show the lowest and highest of the nine experiments.
For single hop pairs ExOR provides the advantage of lower probability of source resending packets, as theres higher probability of source receiving the destinations 10 batch-map packets
Longer Routes
Figure 10: The 25 lowest throughput pairs. The bars show each pair's median throughput, and the error bars show the lowest and the highest of the nine experiments. ExOR outperforms traditional routing by a factor of two or more.
As number of node pairs increases along a route, the likelihood of increased choice of forwarding nodes and multiple ways to gossip back batch-maps, increases
With greater routing length ExOR is able to take advantage of asymmetric links also
ExOR has no limitations on number of nodes, from the forwarder list, that can forward the packet. Hence it uses both nodes closer to source and nodes closer to destination, irrespective of their drop probability
Figure 11: The number of transmissions made by each node during a 1000-packet transfer from N5 to N24. The X axis indicates the sender's ETX metric to N24. The Y axis indicates the number of packet transmissions that node performs. Bars higher than 1000 indicate nodes that had to re-send packets due to losses.
Figure 12: Distance traveled towards N24 in ETX space by each transmission. The X axis indicates the dierence in ETX metric between the sending and receiving nodes; the receiver is the next hop for traditional routing, and the highest-priority receiving node for ExOR. The Y axis indicates the number of transmissions that travel the corresponding distance. Packets with zero progress are not received by the next hop (for traditional routing) or by any higher-priority node (for ExOR).
0.6
Fraction of Transmissions
0.2 0.1 0
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Distance (meters)
Delivery Probability decreases with distance ExOR average: 422 meters/transmission Traditional Routing average: 205 meters/tx
Batch Size
ExOr header grows with the batch size Large batches work well for low-throughput pairs due to redundant batch map transmissions Small batches work well for high throughput pairs due to lower header overhead
Critical Analysis
Static No mobility Small Scale Tens of nodes Dense network - Maybe Only Rooftop Networks File downloading application No voice, maybe not web (No reliable guarantee) No Cross Traffic
Static
Knowing the whole topology In a mobile network, this is expensive EXT is costly Measure link states of all possible links Route change During a batch, route may change
Small Scale
Knowing the whole topology In a mobile network, this is expensive EXT is costly Measure link states of all possible links
Large overhead in ExOR packet header All the forwarders are included in ExOR header Long vain waiting of forwarding timer The larger the network, the longer the average distance between S and D, the more forwarders in the list Traditional header (24~48 -> 8 if AODV) ExOR header (44~114 for 38-node network)
Dense Networks
S X E
Dense Networks
Cross Traffic
Yao Zhao (Northwestern)
Forwarding timer Give higher-priority nodes enough time to send? Assume 5 packets sent if a node cannot hear another node with higher priority hard to justify heuristic. Also, forwarders could be consistently mutually inaccessible 802.11 use CSMA/CA, competition based MAC If there is cross traffic, hard to estimate the transmission time of other nodes
Unfair Comparison ?
Yao Zhao (Northwestern)
Bad Traditional routing (DSR) Dont think about link state changing Long packet header Send the entire file to the next node before the next node starts sending Bad MAC Selection Retransmit packet if ACK is lost Why not packet train? A Paper in 2005 compared to some works before 1999 ?
Questions?
Acknowledgements
Many sketches, animated-diagrams, as well as some text have been sourced from the following materials Course material on Net Centric Systems taught at TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITT DARMSTADT
Presentation on A High Throughput Route-Metric for Multi-Hop Wireless Routing by Eric Rozner of University of Texas, Austin
Presentation on ExOR: Opportunistic Multi-Hop Routing for Wireless Networks, by Sanjit Biswas and Robert Morris at Siggcomm ExOR: Opportunistic Multi-Hop Routing for Wireless Networks - Sanjit Biswas and Robert Morris Presentation on ExOR: Opportunistic Multi-Hop Routing for Wireless Networks, by Avijit of University of California, Santa Barbara Presentation on ExOR: Opportunistic Multi-Hop Routing for Wireless Networks, by Yu Sun of University of Texas, Austin Presentation on ExOR: Opportunistic Multi-Hop Routing for Wireless Networks, by Gaurav Gupta, University of Southern California Presentation on ExOR: Opportunistic Multi-Hop Routing for Wireless Networks, by Ao-Jan Su, Northwestern University