Voice over IP (VOIP).

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 Content
Introduction
Principle
PSTN telephony vs VoIP
Advantages and Benefits of Voice over IP
Types of IP Telephony
VIOP Function
How they fit in: The ISO Model
VOIP Architectures
Quality of Service Issues in IP Network
VOIP Advantages
Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

Voice over IP CMTS

Video
Feed

MTA
“Managed”
IP Network

Public
Internet
QoS = Controlled Load or
Guaranteed Wireline
Wireless
separate voice and data networks.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP), is a technology
that allows you to make voice calls using a broadband
Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog)
phone line
Voice over IP application provide legacy voice
networks by allowing both voice and signaling
information to be transported over IP.
Voice processing will need to handle
greater and variable delays, jitter, and
cancel echoes that will be introduced
from the telephony side.
Some VOIP services only work over your
computer or a special VOIP phone, other
services allow you to use a traditional
phone connected to a VOIP adapter
There are three styles of Voice over IP calls. It
can be either from PC to PC, or it could be from
a PC to phone or from phone to phone. The key
components here are the gateways, which adapt
traditional telephony to the Internet.
A call goes over the local public switched
telephone network (PSTN) to the nearest
gateway server, which digitizes the analog voice
signal using pulse code modulation, compresses
it into IP packets, and moves it onto the Internet
for transport to a gateway at the receiving end.
Principle: It is based on Digital Switching

VoIP begins with Digital Voice

A
D
A/D Converter

In Digital Switching …
… Voice is Data.
 PSTN telephony vs VoIP
PSTN telephony VoIP

- Circuit switched - Packet switched

E.164 numbering - URL SIP names,

E.164, IP addr,
Intelligent network / - Dumb network /
dumb terminal - intelligent terminal
Charging bases - Charging bases
 location, distance, min - more limited
Closed system - Open system
 inherited security - security vital issue
Tech quality - Tech quality
 Advantages
Cost reduction: These savings from lower
prices are however, based on avoiding
telephony access charges and settlement fees,
rather than actually reducing resource costs.
Simplification: VOIP support an integrated
Infrastructure by which dynamic bandwidth
optimization and a fault tolerant design, all forms
of communication available and reduces the
total equipment complement.
Consolidation: Universal use of the IP protocol
for all applications will reduce complexity and
provide more flexibility.
Transmitting Voice over Internet Protocol is also
beneficial for the following reasons

Internet is the connectionless network. So each voice

signal travel over separate network paths.
Private data networks require only ‘n’ access links.
Data transmission has no bandwidth limitation.
Voice data has flat time-sensitive charges.
Types of IP Telephony:
PC-to-PC Internet Telephony :It developing in 1994
and used by young cyber addicts. A microphone
connected to the computer receives the voice, and then
the computer transmits the voice through the Internet.
For this service a software is processes the voice
compress into IP data, later reconstructed into voice
waves at the end user's compute
PC to Telephone or Fax Telephony: It developing in
1996. A microphone connected to the computer receives
the voice, and then the computer transmits the voice
through the Internet. But using a gateway bridge
between the PSTN and the Internet
PC to a Content Provider’s Call Center or Website:
The user can access a company’s website and request
to speak to a representative at any time by just clicking
the appropriate icon in the screen.
There are representative is part of call center.
This IP TELEPHONY provide better customer service.

Telephones-to-Telephone IP Telephony: Using this

technology the caller uses a normal phone, and then the
signal travels through the local telephone infrastructure
to a gateway based on the local area. The gateway
sends the signal converted into IP protocol packets over
the Internet. The voice packets travel to other gateway
located at the callee's local area. Then the signal travels
over the local telephone infrastructure to the callee’s
regular phone.
Common Infrastructure for All Call
Agents
VIOP Function
Click to call or Talk :Call-center customer can request a
call back from the Web site (also known as “click to call back”),
which uses the PSTN or even places an Internet telephony call.
This saves the call center money because it doesn’t have to pay
the incoming 800 toll charges.
 Two-Stage Dialing: Two-stage dialing means that us don’t
dial 1+10 numbers and directly ring the person us are calling.
Instead, we call a number that prompts us for authentication or
provides us with a second dial tone, at which point us can dial
the number us want to call.

Two-Stage Dialing
Call Flow:
Part I
Call Flow Part II
Call Flow Part III
 How they fit in: The ISO
Model
ISO Model Layer Protocol or Standard
Presentation Applications / CODECS

Session H.323 & SIP

Transport RTP / UDP / TCP
Network IP – Non QOS
Data Link ATM, FR, PPP,
Ethernet
VOIP Architectures:
There are many vendors offering VOIP solutions Offerings
are the same, the transfer of voice traffic over a packet zed
or non-switched medium. Some architecture are as follow:
Internet Protocol (IP) Centric: Based on core switching
system.
Internet Protocol (IP) Enabled: This type of architecture use
facilities of TDM circuit switches. TDM circuit switch that
provides the core call processing and switching of all calls.
VOIP Environmental Vulnerabilities: This type of architecture
Operates on a converged (voice, data, and video) network .
 Quality of Service Issues in IP Network
QOS usually refers to the fidelity of the transmitted
voice and facsimile document it can also be applied to
network availability, telephone feature availability, and
scalability.
1.DELAY:There are two problem ECHO & Talk overlap
because of high end-to-end delay in a voice
network. Echo is caused by signal reflections of the
speaker’s voice. It create problem after 50millisecond
delay Talkers overlap is the problem of one caller
stepping on the other talker’s speech. It create
problem after 250 millisecond.
The variable delay components include the queuing
delay, dejitter buffers.
Jitter (Delay Variability)
Jitter is the variation in inter-packet arrival time as
introduced by the variable transmission delay.

Packet Loss: But due to the time sensitivity of voice

transmissions.

Bandwidth Availability: Due to Band width

limitation there are pocket loss periods of silence in
the conversation,
 VOIP Advantages
 No long distance fees
 No dedicated circuit
 More efficient use of networks
 64 Kbps raw audio vs. 13 Kbps
compressed
 Data need not be transmitted during
silence
Conclusion

Data has been traditionally transmitted over the voice

networks. The Internet has created the opportunity to
reverse this trend and now send voice over data
networks such as IP, The market for VOIP is
established and is beginning its rapid growth phase
and corporations must look to capitalize on this new
wave of voice over packet networks, like IP
Your questions are welcome !