HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

RSBI SMAN 2 Bengkulu

Human Digestive System

A complete system with many specialized organs About 6.5 to 8 meters long if extended Lined with mucussecreting epithelium Movement is one way, from mouth to anus

Major Organs

Mouth (oral cavity) Pharynx (throat) Esophagus Gut Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus

Accessory Organs

Accessory organs are not part of the digestive tube but produce enzymes and other substances that assist digestion. Accessory organs: Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder

Mouth

Teeth break down food into small pieces. Twenty deciduous (baby) teeth are replaced by 32 adult teeth. The tongue mixes the chewed food with saliva and then forms the mixture into a mass called a bolus in preparation for swallowing.

Mouth

Each tooth has a crown and a root. The crown has a layer of enamel, dentin, and an inner pulp with nerves and blood vessels that extend into the root.

Mouth

Salivary glands make saliva. Salivary glands are at the back of mouth and under tongue Chewed food gets mixed with saliva. Saliva contains enzymes (salivary amylase), which start to digest starch to sugar.

Pharynx

Swallowing occurs in the pharynx and is a reflex action. During swallowing, the air passage is usually blocked off by the soft palate and uvula, and the trachea moves under the epiglottis to cover the glottis opening to the windpipe.

Esophagus.

Passes food down to stomach. Esophagus has circular muscles in its wall. These muscles contract and squeeze in (peristalsis movement) behind the food to push it along. No chemical digestion occurs in the esophagus.

Stomach

Muscular bag that holds 2 litres of food. The entrance of the esophagus to the stomach is marked by a constriction, called a sphincter; the sphincter must relax in order for food to enter the stomach. The sphincter prevents food from backing up into the esophagus.

Stomach

Secretes into lumen: Hydrochloric acid Mucus Pepsin: digest protein into peptides Muscular walls churn the food making sure its all mixed. After 2-3 hours churning its a runny liquid.

Small Intestine

Actually 6 m long Receives chyme from stomach Plays important roles in digestion and absorption Three regions Duodenum Jejunum Ilium

Small Intestine

Duodenum receives secretions from liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Secretions are for further food digestion. Enzymes that finish the process of digestion are produced by the intestinal wall.

Pancreas

Secretes: Enzymes:

Trypsin for digestion of protein to peptides lipase for digestion of fat to glycerol and fatty acids.

Sodium

bicarbonate (NaHCO3): neutralize acid in chyme. Insulin: a hormonal control over glucose metabolism.

Liver and Gallbladder

Liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile emulsifies fats Bile is a yellowish-green substance containing bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown and bile salts derived from cholesterol.

Small Intestine

Jejunum and ileum absorps nutrients Walls of the small intestine have fingerlike projections called villi where nutrients are absorbed into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Villi have microvilli that increase the surface area for absorption.

Liver

After food has been absorbed into the blood, the food is taken to the liver. The liver processes some of it, before it goes any further. The food dissolved in plasma is the taken to other parts of the body.

Large Intestine

Large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal. Colon includes the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon. Appendix is an extension of the cecum.

Large Intestine.

Large intestine absorb water, salts, and some vitamins. Feces are stored in the rectum. Anaerobic bacteria in the feces break down indigestible material and produce some vitamins Eventually feces egested out of the anus, roughly 24 48 hours after eating.