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Air
Air
Air
Composition of air
Air pollution
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Examples
Sources
Effect
Respiration
Combustion
f. Micro-organisms
g. Dust
2. The composition of air such as water vapour, microorganisms and dust are varies with time and places. For examples, after rain, there will be more water vapour compared to a hot dry day. 3. Air is a mixture since its components can be easily separated. For example, water vapour in the air can be separated by condensation.
Exercise
Fill in each blank to show the composition of air
Air
Gases
Other component
Air is a mixture. This is because : a) The proportion of the constituent gases, namely, nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide is not constant The contents by percentage of air vary from to place to place. For example, the air in urban areas contains more dust and carbon dioxide the components are mixed and vary in quantity not chemically combined
b) the constituents of air are not chemically combined the constituents gases retain their individual properties nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide can be extracted by the physical means of cooling and stored as liquefied gas in gas tanks c) the properties of air are the same as the properties of its constituents oxygen in air can be used in processes such as respiration, burning, decaying and rusting carbon dioxide in air is used for the process of photosynthesis in green plants d) there is no heat change when there is a change in the percentage of the constituents of air in any particular area
Situation Time
Description
Condition
Environment Activities
Composition of air
1. Oxygen
4 3 2 1 0
4 3
Flame goes off Water level goes up 1/5 of the gas jar.
After 15 minutes
2 1 0
Arrangement of apparatus a. When candle burns, it uses up all the oxygen in the gas jar. b. Water goes into the gas jar to fill up the space which was originally occupied by oxygen. c. This conclude that 1/5 of the air is made up of oxygen.
2 1 0
Composition of Air
2. Water Vapour
After 15 minutes Colourless liquid is water as it changes blue anhydrous cobalt chloride paper pink
Water
Arrangement of apparatus
b. Water vapour condenses and becomes water outside the boiling tube.
Water vapour ( gas )
condensation
Water ( liquid )
Composition of air
3. Microorganisms
After 3 days
At the beginning
At the end
Arrangement of apparatus
Composition of air
4. Dust particles
Glass slide Arrangement of apparatus This experiment shows that air contain dust particles
Activity
Solubility in water
Test tube Beaker Water Reaction with sodium hydroxide Test tube Beaker Sodium hydroxide solution Gas
Carbon dioxide
Water level in the test tube goes up slightly higher. More soluble in water than oxygen. Level of solution in the test tube is high. Very soluble in sodium hydroxide.
Gas
Activity
Effect on burning wooden splinter. Gas Burning wooden splinter.
Carbon dioxide
Put out burning splinter. Does not support combustion.
Activity
Effect on lime water.
Carbon dioxide
Lime water turns chalky Test for carbon dioxide.
Respiration
Chemical
Breathing
process Physical process of involving the oxidation of taking in oxygen from the food by oxygen in cell to air and releasing carbon release energy dioxide
Oxygen + glucose
respiration
Nucleus
Water
respiration
Oxygen + glucose
Nitrogen
Water vapour
78
Less
78
More
Candle
Plasticine
Candle
Arrangement of apparatus
1. Candle flame burns longer in the gas jar P than gas jar Q.
2. This show inhaled air contains more oxygen than exhaled air.
Conical flask P
Conical flask Q
1. When air is breathed in and out alternatively through the tube X for a few minutes, lime water in conical flask Q becomes cloudy faster than the lime water in conical flask P.
2. This shows that exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide than inhaled air.
Compare the percentage of gas in inhaled and exhaled air in the spaces provided below.
Marker
W
Steel wool
Cotton wool (soaked in sodium hydroxide solution)
Y Steel wool
Cotton wool (soaked in sodium hydroxide solution) Control experiment Grasshopper Marker
Steel wool
Arrangement of apparatus
2. Oxygen is required in the burning of carbon and hydrocarbon. a. Carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + heat + light. b. Hydrocarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + heat + light. 3. Examples of carbon are charcoal and coal. 4. Example of hydrocarbon are kerosene, petrol, diesel, petroleum gas and candles.
The diagram shows the three conditions to combustion. Fill the space provided with the required conditions.
Deflagrating spoon
Arrangement of apparatus The observation and conclusion of the experiment carried out
Observation The gas jar feel hot Carbon burns brightly Bicarbonate indicator turns yellow Conclusion Heat energy is released. Light energy is released. Carbon dioxide is released.
Source of pollution
Burning
of fossil
acid rain corrode metal and stone structure Reduce the yield of plant
Carbon monoxide
Cause
brain damage If severe, man may die because it prevents the red blood cells from transporting oxygen around the body
Carbon dioxide
of fuels Causes global warning and green house effect. Forest fire
Construction
Dust (haze)
Causes
of Cause haze rubbish and fuels Cause breathing Smoke and soot Cigarette difficulties. smoke
Aerosol
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
Lead
Damage
the ozone layer Causes cataract in eyes Causes damage to brain, heart and kidneys.
Pollutants
1.
2. 3.
Cause the air become hazy & cause : Low visibility Breathing difficulties Reduction in the rate of photosynthesis
Enforcement of the Clear Air Act 1979 ensure that industrial activities are not carried out in a housing area open burning is not carried out chimneys of factories are built to certain height
1.
2. 3.
Managing pollutant
1.
2.
3.
Include: Removing sulphur from fuels Using catalytic converters to make poisonous fumes from car engines harmless Fixing electronic devices on chimneys to trap dust, smoke & soot
Air Pollution
3. Pollution from combustion causes a. Green house effect i. Carbon dioxide is given out when fuels are burned. It remain in the atmosphere. ii. Carbon dioxide acts like blanket which retain heat. This causes the Earth to warm up slowly, leading to the green house effect. iii. The green house effect may cause The polar ice caps to melt which will raise the sea level The climate to change.
b. Acid rain
i. Most fossil fuels contain sulphur impurities. ii. These turn into sulphur dioxide when the sulphur is burned. iii. Oxide of nitrogen are released when fossil fuels are burned.
iv.
v.
Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen mix with cloud to form acid.
These then fall as acid rain.
vi.
Cars and power stations are the main causes of acid rain.
Air Pollution
4. Effects of acid rain on the environment a. Acid rain causes lakes to become acidic which has a severe effect on their ecosystem. b. Acid rain kills fish and trees. c. Acid rain damages limestone buildings and ruins stone statues.
Air Pollution
5. Thinning of the ozone layer
a. The ozone layer protects the Earth from excessive ultraviolet rays from the sun. b. 95% - 99% of ultraviolet rays can be blocked by the ozone layer,
The ozone layer protects the earth from the suns ultraviolet rays.
Sun
Ozone layer
Ultraviolet rays
The thinning of ozone layer causes the ultraviolet rays to reach the Earth.
Set up factories far away from housing estate. Filter smoke from factories before releasing it
Encourage reforestation
Conical flask
2. Nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide are some examples of pollutants in cigarette smoke.
3. Nicotine is a drug that act upon the brain and the nervous system. Smokers become addicted to it. 4. Tar damage the cilia of the air passage and blocks the tiny air passage leading to the alveoli
5. Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas; tend to combine with the haemoglobin in red blood cells, thus reducing the amount of oxygen that the blood can carry
Health problem lead can causes blood poisoning & brain damage; smoke in the air can cause lung infection A reduction in agriculture production dust sticks to leaves & slow down the process of photosynthesis Blurred vision dust or smoke in the air blurs vision ACCIDENT
Animals will fall sick & will eventually die The greenhouse effect man will live in a warmer environment Deformities radioactive wastes causes deformities in unborn babies Acid rain metal objects corrode and the pH of soil & water sources is lowered
Reduce, reuse and recycle used items whenever possible. Buy and use recycled products Buy and use products in their non-aerosol form. Select products with less packaging. Packaging consumes energy when it is made, generates harmful volatile organic compounds when it is printed and produces carbon dioxide & carbon monoxide when its burned Look for durability in products you buy & use , not just lower price.
Reduce, reuse and recycle used items whenever possible. Buy and use recycled products Buy and use products in their non-aerosol form. Select products with less packaging. Packaging consumes energy when it is made, generates harmful volatile organic compounds when it is printed and produces carbon dioxide & carbon monoxide when its burned Look for durability in products you buy & use , not just lower price.