Electromagnetic Interaction & Couplings

The TheElectromagnetic ElectromagneticEnvironment Environment

EMI Categories

Interference

Fully opposed

Fully opposed signal

Interference

Partially opposed

Partially opposed signal

EM Interaction & Coupling

EM Interaction & Coupling

EM Interaction Process
External Interaction - The EM wave couples with the
surface of the structure and causes electrical charge to flow on the surface. Resulting in a surface current density, and a charge density which correspond to tangential H field and normal E fields respectively.

Internal

Interaction

The

energy

penetrates

(into)through the shell or envelope of the structure.

The penetration occurs because of apertures, antennas, exposed cables or other conductors, seams and joints in the panels, or diffusion through the skin of the structure.

EM Interaction Process
Internal Propagation - Once the energy
penetrates into the interior, it will be propagated
most efficiently by the internal cables, which form multiconductor transmission lines along which energy is transported.
This energy is ultimately carried to the components, which can be either temporarily upset or permanently damaged.

EM Interaction Process
External Source External E & H Fields

E&H Field Response

External Coupling

External Charge & Current Responses Conducted Responses

Diffusive (spread) Penetration

Aperture Penetration

Conductive Penetration

Barrier Penetration

Interior Fields Internal Coupling

Internal E & H Field Responses

Internal Charge & Current responses

Component Responses

Current and Charge at the Device

The Interaction Process

Pulse Power Pr oduct ion SO URCE Wavef or m Shaping

EM Field Radiat ion f r om Ant enna EM I nt er act ion wit h Syst em Ext er ior

Cur r ent I nject ion Coupling t o Conduct or s CO UPLI NG

Dif f usive Penet r at ion

Aper t ur e Penet r at ion

Conduct or Penet r at ion I nt er nal Conduct or Pr opagat ion I nt er nal Equipm ent Excit at ion

PENETRATI O N

EM Field Coupling t o I nt er nal Conduct or s

I NTERNAL CO UPLI NG

RESPO NSES Dam age Thr esholds Equipm ent Responses

EM Interaction Depends on
Characteristics of Wave Characteristics of System

Characteristics of propagating media

Structures in the vicinity of the system

LRDE

Mechanisms of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with materials

Reflection Absorption Multiple reflection

2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

The attenuation in decibels (dB) is defined as Attenuation (dB) = 20 log10 (Ei/E),

where Ei is the incident field and E is the transmitted or reflected field. Note that Ei > E.

Reflection
Mainly due to interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the electrons in the solid

Skin Effect
Phenomenon in which high frequency electromagnetic radiation interacts with only the near surface region of an electrical conductor

Skin depth ()

where

f = frequency, = magnetic permeability = 0r, r = relative magnetic permeability, 0 = 4 x 10-7 H/m, and = electrical conductivity in -1m-1.

Absorption
Due to interaction of electromagnetic radiation with the electric/magnetic dipoles, electrons and phonons in the solid

EM COUPLING

EM Coupling Radiative, Conductive, Inductive Capacitive

External ExternalCoupling CouplingProcess Process

Distant EMI Source

E & H Field on Structure

Capacitive Coupling

Inductive Coupling

Radiative Coupling

Conductive Coupling

Induced Current & Charge

LRDE

Methods of Coupling
Transfer Mechanism Conductive Electromagnetic Magnetic Field Electric Field

Coupling
Direct radiation From Source to Receptor Radiated From Source & transferred to AC/Signal/control cables RF energy radiated by Cables RF energy conducted by common electrical supply

Coupling Mechanism (system level)

System A System B System A
System B Capacitive Coupling (E-Field Coupling) System A

Stray cap

Supply

Galvanic Coupling (conductive Coupling) System A

Mutual inductance

System B Mutual inductance (Magnetic Coupling)

Radiation System B

Radiation Coupling

Trace to trace coupling within a PCB Structure

EMI Characterization
EMITTER
EMISSION:
It is a phenomenon through which a system gives away EM energy to its environment

SUSCEPTIBILITY:

SYSTEM

It is the phenomenon through which a system gets in EM energy from its environment

SUSCEPTOR

32

Elements of an EMI Situation

Source "Culprit" Coupling method "Path" Sensitive device "Victim"

VICTIM SOURCE PATH

How Does EMI Affect Electronics?

Radiated and conducted interference
A. Conducted Interference Enters and Exits Equipment through Wiring and Cabling B. Radiated Interference Enters and Exits Equipment through Wiring and Enclosure Penetration
Radiated Susceptibility Radiated Emissions

Conducted Susceptibility

Conducted Emissions

Radiated Coupling Field to Cable

Radio Electromagnetic Wave Patient Monitor

VC
M

Loop Area
Induced Current

Interference to TV Reception

No Interference

Two Interfering Signals Injected into TV

Transients
Electrostatic Discharge & Transient Pulses ESD can induce glitches in circuits, leading to false triggering, errors in address & data lines and latch-up of devices
Upset Damage Degradation leading to future failure(s)

PERSONAL COMPUTERS & PERIPHERALS, RADIO RECEIVERS

Method #1Test at Approved Laboratory
Declaration of Conformity. Does not go to the FCC
Test Product at approved Laboratory Report with Technical Information Declaration of Conformity Sell Product

 Examples

RADIO TRANSMITTERS

Cordless Phones, Radio Transmitters, CB Radios, Wireless Products

CERTIFICATION:
Test Product

Report with Technical Information

Send Report and Application to FCC or TCB

FCC GRANT with FCC ID Number

Sell Product

CONDUCTED EMISSIONS TESTING

Measure Noise on Power Line
Product
Spectrum Analyzer

Power Cord

RADIATED EMISSIONS TESTING

Test Site: Measure Radiated Noise from Equipment Case and Cables Open Area Test Site
Product
Spectrum Analyzer

3 m or 10 m
Turntable

Measuring Antenna

RADIATED EMISSIONS TESTING

Test Site: Measure Radiated Noise from Equipment Case and Cables Open Area Test Site
Product
Spectrum Analyzer

3 m or 10 m
Turntable

Measuring Antenna
Photos: EMC Test System, Austin, TX emctest.com

Typical Ambient Profile

Cell phone

Switching noise

FM Radio

Immunity Test Requirements

1000-4 Series

IEC 61000-4-1: Introduction IEC 61000-4- 2: Electrostatic Discharge Requirements IEC 61000-4- 3: Radiated Immunity IEC 61000-4- 4: Electrical Fast Transient IEC 61000-4- 5: Surge IEC 61000-4- 6: Conducted RF Immunity IEC 61000-4-7: Interharmonics IEC 61000-4-8 & 9: Magnetic field immunity IEC 61000-4-10: Damped Oscillatory pulsed field immunity IEC 61000-4-11: Dips & Interrupts (power quality) IEC 61000-4-12: Damped Oscillatory (surge)

ESD Testing

ESD Simulator

Anechoic Chamber

www.emctest.com

Surge Coupling
Lightning and pulse sources cause highenergy transients into power and data cables

Direct

Indirect

 IEC 1000-4-11

Voltage Dips & Interrupts

Simulates brownouts and blackouts on equipment operation Voltage Dip:

Voltage Interrupt: