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Signal is a set of information or data which changes with time. Signal processing is a method of extracting information from signal by carrying out algorithmic operations on the signal. It is dependent on the type of signal and the nature of information it carries.
Digital circuits are less sensitive to changes in component values, temperature, ageing and other external parameters.
Advantages: 1. Flexibility in reconfiguration of DSP operations 2. Accurate 3. Easy storage 4. Cost effective
Applications of DSP
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals Analog and Digital Signals Real and Complex Signals Deterministic and Random Signals Even and Odd Signals Periodic and aperiodic Signals Energy and Power Signals Causal, non-causal and anti-causal signals
The amplitudes of the analog signal x(t) lie in the range of (-V, V). This range is partitioned into L-subintervals, each of magnitude:
2V v L
Each sample amplitude is approximated by the midpoint value of the subinterval in which the sample falls. Each samples are approximated to one of the L-numbers. Thus, the signal is digitized with quantized samples taking on any one of the L-values. Such a signal is known as L-ary signal.
A signal with finite energy is an energy signal. A signal with finite and non-zero power is a power signal.
Energy Signal Total normalized energy is finite and non-zero. Aperiodic signals are energy signals These signals are timelimited Power of energy signal is zero
Power signal Total normalized power is finite and non-zero Periodic signals are power signals These signals can exist over infinite time Energy of the power signal is infinite
Combined operations
All the three operations are carried out simultaneously x(at-b) x(t) is time shifted by b: x(t-b) time scaling by a: x(at-b) Time scale x(t) by a: x(at) time shift x(at) by b/a (i.e. replace t with (t-b/a)) x[a(tb/a) =x(at-b) If a is negative: Time scaling involves time inversion
Sampling Property
Sifting Property
Sinusoidal Signals
Sinusoidal Sequences
SYSTEMS
A system is a mathematical model of a physical process that relates the input (or excitation) signal to the output (or response) signal.
CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Systems Systems with Memory and without Memory Causal and Noncausal Systems Linear Systems and Nonlinear Systems Time-Invariant and Time-Varying Systems Linear Time-Invariant Systems Stable Systems Feedback Systems
Stable Systems
Feedback Systems
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