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10.1 Introduction
Capacitor displays its true characteristics
10.3 Capacitance
A capacitor is constructed of two parallel conducting plates separated by an insulator. Capacitance is a measure of a capacitors ability to store charge on its plates.
A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad (F) if 1 coulomb (C) of charge is deposited on the plates by a potential difference of 1 volt across its plates. The farad is named after Michael Faraday, a nineteenth century English chemist and physicist.
Capacitance
The farad is generally too large a measure of capacitance for most practical applications, so the microfarad (106 ) or picofarad (1012 ) is more commonly used. Different capacitors for the same voltage across their plates will acquire greater or lesser amounts of charge on their plates, hence the capacitors have greater or lesser capacitance.
Capacitance
Fringing At the edge of the capacitor plates
the flux lines extend outside the common surface area of the plates.
Capacitance
Dielectric Insulator of the capacitor
The purpose of the dielectric is to create an electric field to oppose the electric field setup by free charges on the parallel plates. Di for opposing and electric for electric field
Dipoles Formed within the insulator of a capacitor when the electrons of the insulating material are unable to leave the parent atom and travel to the positive plate of the capacitor
Capacitance
With different dielectric materials between the same two parallel plates, different amounts of charge will deposit on the plates. Permittivity The ratio of the flux density to the electric field intensity in the dielectric. A measure of how easily the dielectric will permit the establishment of flux lines within the dielectric. Relative permittivity Often called the dielectric constant, it is the ratio of the permittivity of any dielectric to that of a vacuum.
Capacitance
For every dielectric there is a potential that, if applied across the dielectric, will break the bonds within the dielectric and cause current to flow. The voltage required per unit length (electric field intensity) to establish conduction in a dielectric is an indication of its dielectric strength and is called the breakdown voltage
10.4 Capacitors
Types of Capacitors
Fixed mica, ceramic, electrolytic, tantalum and polyester-film Mica capacitor consists of mica sheets separated by sheets of metal foil. The plates are connected to two electrodes. The entire system is encased in a plastic insulating material. The mica capacitor exhibits excellent characteristics under stress of temperature variations and high voltage applications.
Capacitors
Electrolytic Capacitors
Most commonly used in situations where capacitances of the order of one to several thousand microfarads are required.
Primarily for use in dc networks because they have good insulating characteristics (high leakage current) between the plates in one direction but take on the characteristics of a conductor in the other direction. Basic construction consists of a roll of aluminum foil coated on one side with an aluminum oxide, the aluminum being the positive plate and the oxide the dielectric. A layer of paper or gauze saturated with an electrolyte is placed over the aluminum oxide on the positive plate. Another layer of aluminum without the oxide is then placed over this layer to assume the role of the negative plate.
Capacitors
Polyester-film Capacitors
Basic construction consists of two metal foils separated by a strip of polyester material such as Mylar. The outside layer of polyester is applied to act as an insulating jacket. Each metal jacket is connected to a lead that extends either axially or radially from the capacitor. The rolled construction results in a large surface, and the use of the plastic dielectric results in a very thin layer between the conducting surfaces. The capacitor can be used for both dc and ac networks.
Capacitors
Ceramic Capacitors Made in different shapes and sizes but the basic construction is the same
A ceramic base is coated on both sides with a metal, such as copper or silver, to act as the two plates. The leads are then attached through electrodes to the plates. An insulating coating of ceramic or plastic is then applied over the plates and dielectric. Ceramic capacitors have very low leakage current and can be used in both dc and ac networks.
Capacitors
Working voltage the voltage that can be applied across a capacitor for long periods of time with out breakdown Surge voltage The maximum dc voltage that can be applied for a short period of time Leakage current The current that results in the total discharge of a capacitor as the capacitor is disconnected from the charging network for a sufficient length of time.
Capacitors
Variable Capacitors
Most common are shown in the figure below. The dielectric for each is air. The capacitance is changed by turning the shaft at one end to vary the common area of the movable and fixed plates. The greater the common area the larger the capacitance.
Capacitors
Measuring and testing The digital reading capacitance meter shown will allow you to simply place the capacitor between the provided clips with the proper polarity and the meter will display the level of capacitance.
Insert Fig 10.20
Discharging:
Vi t (log e ) vC
10.14 Applications
Capacitors find applications in:
Electronic flash lamps for cameras Line conditioners Timing circuits Electronic power supplies