Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Communicating With
Participants
1
Communication Approach
Impacts the Research Process
Creation and selection of measurement
questions
Sampling issues, drive contact and callback
procedures
Instrument design, which incorporates
attempts to reduce error and create
participant-screening procedures
Data collection processes, which create the
need for follow-up procedures and possible
2
interviewer training
Personal Interview
Requirements for success
• Availability of the needed information from the
participant
• An understanding by the participant of his or
her role
• Adequate motivation by the participant to
cooperate
3
Personal Interview
To Increase participant’s receptiveness
they must
• believe the experience will be pleasant
and satisfying
• think answering the survey is an
important and worthwhile use of their
time
• have any mental reservations satisfied
4
The Interview
Introduction
5
Probing Styles
A brief assertion of understanding and
interest
An expectant pause
Question clarification
6
Interview Problems
Nonresponse error
7
Interview Problems
Nonresponse error
Response error
• participant-initiated
• interviewer error
8
Interview Problems
Interviewer error
• Failure to secure cooperation
• Failure to execute interview procedures
• Failure to establish appropriate environment
• Falsification of answers
• Inappropriate interviewing behavior
• Failure to accurately record answers
• Physical presence bias
9
Interview Problems
Nonresponse error
Response error
Cost
10
Telephone Interview
Types
• Noncontact rate
• Refusal rate
11
Self-Administered Surveys
Types
• Mail survey
• Computer-delivered
• Intercept studies
Disadvantages
12
Concurrent Techniques to
Improve Mail Response
Reduce Anonymity
Length
Survey Sponsorship Size,Color, and
Return Envelopes Reproduction
Money Incentives
Postage
Deadline Dates
Personalization
Cover Letters
13
Outsourcing Survey Services
Research Firms Provide
• Centralized-location interviewing
• Focus group facilities
• Trained staff with experience
• Data-processing and statistical analysis
capabilities
• Access to point-of-sale data
Panels
14