ECE 442 Power Electronics 1

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)

NPN PNP
ECE 442 Power Electronics 2
BJT Cross-Sections
NPN PNP
Emitter
Collector
ECE 442 Power Electronics 3
Common-Emitter NPN Transistor
Forward bias the BEJ
Reverse bias the CBJ
ECE 442 Power Electronics 4
Input Characteristics
Plot I
B
as f(V
BE
, V
CE
)
As V
CE
increases,
more V
BE
required to
turn the BE on so that
I
B
>0.
Looks like a pn
junction volt-ampere
characteristic.
ECE 442 Power Electronics 5
Output Characteristics
Plot I
C
as f(V
CE
, I
B
)
Cutoff region (off)
both BE and BC
reverse biased
Active region
BE Forward biased
BC Reverse biased
Saturation region (on)
both BE and BC
forward biased


ECE 442 Power Electronics 6
Transfer Characteristics
ECE 442 Power Electronics 7
Large-Signal Model of a BJT
KCL >> I
E
= I
C
+ I
B

F
= h
FE
= I
C
/I
B
I
C
=
F
I
B
+ I
CEO
I
E
= I
B
(1 +
F
) + I
CEO

I
E
= I
B
(1 +
F
)
I
E
= I
C
(1 + 1/
F
)
I
E
= I
C
(
F
+ 1)/
F


ECE 442 Power Electronics 8
(1 ) ( 1)
1 1
1
1 1
E B C
C
F FE
B
C F B CEO
E B F CEO B F
F
E C C
F F
C F E
F F
F F
F F
I I I
I
h
I
I I I
I I I I
I I I
I I
|
|
| |
|
| |
o
| o
o |
| o
= +
= =
= +
= + + ~ +
| |
+
~ + =
|
\ .
~
= =
+
ECE 442 Power Electronics 9
Transistor Operating Point
B BE
B
B
CE CC
C
C C
CE CC C C
V V
I
R
V V
I
R R
V V I R

=
= +
=
ECE 442 Power Electronics 10
DC Load Line
V
CC

V
CC
/R
C

ECE 442 Power Electronics 11
BJT Transistor Switch
B BE
B
B
CE CC C C
CE CB BE
CB CE BE
V V
I
R
V V I R
V V V
V V V

=
=
= +
=
ECE 442 Power Electronics 12
BJT Transistor Switch (continued)
CC CE CC BE
CM
C C
CM
BM
F
V V V V
I
R R
I
I
|

= =
=
ECE 442 Power Electronics 13
BJT in Saturation
( ) CC CE sat
CS
C
CS
BS
F
B
BS
CS
forced
B
V V
I
R
I
I
I
ODF
I
I
I
|
|

=
=
=
=
ECE 442 Power Electronics 14
Model with Current Gain
ECE 442 Power Electronics 15
Miller Effect
v
be
v
ce

i
out

ECE 442 Power Electronics 16
Miller Effect (continued)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
[1 ] [1 ]
[1 ]
out cb be ce cb be be
out cb be cb be
cb cb
d d
i C v v C v Av
dt dt
d d
i C A v C A v
dt dt
C C A
= =
= =

ECE 442 Power Electronics 17
Miller Effect (continued)
Miller Capacitance, C
Miller
= C
cb
(1 A)
since A is usually negative (phase inversion),
the Miller capacitance can be much greater
than the capacitance C
cb

This capacitance must charge up to the
base-emitter forward bias voltage, causing
a delay time before any collector current
flows.
ECE 442 Power Electronics 18
Saturating a BJT
Normally apply more base current than
needed to saturate the transistor
This results in charges being stored in the
base region
To calculate the extra charge (saturating
charge), determine the emitter current

( )
1
cs
e B BS BS BS
I
I I ODF I I I ODF
|
= = =
ECE 442 Power Electronics 19
The Saturating Charge
The saturating charge, Q
s




( 1)
s s e s BS
Q I I ODF t t = =
storage time constant of the
transistor
ECE 442 Power Electronics 20
Transistor Switching Times
ECE 442 Power Electronics 21
Switching Times turn on
Input voltage rises from 0 to V
1

Base current rises to I
B1

Collector current begins to rise after the
delay time, t
d

Collector current rises to steady-state
value I
CS
This rise time, t
r
allows the Miller
capacitance to charge to V
1
turn on time, t
on
= t
d
+ t
r

ECE 442 Power Electronics 22
Switching Times turn off
Input voltage changes from V
1
to V
2

Base current changes to I
B2
Base current remains at I
B2
until the
Miller capacitance discharges to zero,
storage time, t
s

Base current falls to zero as Miller
capacitance charges to V
2
, fall time, t
f
turn off time, t
off
= t
s
+ t
f






ECE 442 Power Electronics 23
Charge Storage in Saturated BJTs
Charge storage in the Base Charge Profile during turn-off
ECE 442 Power Electronics 24
Example 4.2
ECE 442 Power Electronics 25
Waveforms for the Transistor Switch
V
CC
= 250 V
V
BE(sat)
= 3 V
I
B
= 8 A
V
CS(sat)
= 2 V
I
CS
= 100 A
t
d
= 0.5 s
t
r
= 1 s
t
s
= 5 s
t
f
= 3 s
f
s
= 10 kHz
duty cycle k = 50 %
I
CEO
= 3 mA
ECE 442 Power Electronics 26
ECE 442 Power Electronics 27
Power Loss due to I
C
for t
on
= t
d
+ t
r

During the delay time, 0 t t
d
Instantaneous Power Loss



Average Power Loss


0 0
1
( )
(250 )(3 )(10 )(0.5 ) 3.75
d d
t t
CC CEO
d c CC CEO s d
d
V I
P P t dt dt V I f t
T T
P V mA kHz s mW
= = =
= =
} }
( )
( ) (250 )(3 ) 0.75
c CE C CC CEO
c
P t v i V I
P t V mA W
= =
= =
ECE 442 Power Electronics 28
During the rise time, 0 t t
r

( )
( )
( )
max
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) @
2[ ]
c CE c
CS
c CC ce sat CC
r r
ce sat CC
c CS CS
CC ce sat CC
r r r r
c m
r CC
m
CC ce sat
P t v i
I t
P t V V V t
t t
V V
dP t I I t
t V V V
dt t t t t
P t P t t
t V
t
V V
=
(
= +
(

(
= + +
(

= =
=

ECE 442 Power Electronics 29

2
max
( )
2
max
(1 )(250 )
0.504
2[250 2 ]
4[ ]
(250 ) (100 )
6300
4[250 2 ]
m
CC CS
CC CE sat
s V
t s
V V
V I
P
V V
V A
P W
V V

= =

= =

ECE 442 Power Electronics 30

Average Power during rise time
( )
0
1
( )
2 3
(250 ) (2 250 )
(10 )(100 )(1 )
2 3
42.33
r
t
CE sat CC
CC
r c s CS r
r
r
V V
V
P P t dt f I t
T
V V V
P kHz A s
P W

(
= = +
(

(
= +
(

=
}
ECE 442 Power Electronics 31
Total Power Loss during turn-on
0.00375 42.33 42.33375
42.33
on d r
on
on
P P P
P W
P W
= +
= + =
=
ECE 442 Power Electronics 32
ECE 442 Power Electronics 33
Power Loss during
the Conduction Period
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0
( ) 100
( ) 2
( ) (100 )(2 ) 200
1
( )
(2 )(100 )(10 )(48.5 ) 97
n n
n
c CS
CE CE sat
c c CE
t t
n c CE sat CS s CE sat CS s n
n
t t
i t I A
v t V V
P t i v A V W
P P t dt V I f dt V I f t
T
P V A kHz s W
s s
= =
= =
= = =
= = =
= =
} }
ECE 442 Power Electronics 34
ECE 442 Power Electronics 35
Power Loss during turn off
Storage time
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0
( ) 100
( ) 2
( ) (2 )(100 )
( ) 200
1
( )
(2 )(100 )(10 )(5 ) 10
s s
s
c CS
CE CE sat
c CE c CE sat CS
c
t t
s c CE sat CS s CE sat CS s s
s
t t
i t I A
v t V V
P t v i V I V A
P t W
P P t dt V I f dt V I f t
T
P V A kHz s W
s s
= =
= =
= = =
=
= = =
= =
} }
ECE 442 Power Electronics 36
ECE 442 Power Electronics 37
Power Loss during Fall time
0
( ) 1 , 0
( ) , 0
( ) 1
( ) 1
1 0
3
( ) @ 1.5
2 2
(250 )(100 )
4 4
f
c CS CEO
f
CC
CE CEO
f
c CE c CC CS
f f
c CC CS
f f f
f
c m
CC CS
m
t t
t
i t I I
t
V
v t t I
t
t t
P t v i V I
t t
dP t V I t
t
dt t t t
t
s
P t P t s
V I V A
P

s s
| |
=
|
|
\ .
=
(
| |
= = ( |
|
(
\ .

(
| | | |
= + = ( | |
| |
(
\ . \ .

= = = =
= = 6250W =
ECE 442 Power Electronics 38
Power Loss during Fall time (continued)
0
( )
1
( )
6
(250 )(100 )(3 )(10 )
125
6
6
10 125 135
f
t
CC CS f s
f c
f
CC f
off s f CS s s CE sat
off
V I t f
P P t dt
T
V A s kHz
P W
V t
P P P I f t V
P W

= =
= =
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
= + =
}
ECE 442 Power Electronics 39
ECE 442 Power Electronics 40
Power Loss during the off time
0
0
( )
( )
( ) (250 )(3 ) 0.75
1
(250 )(3 )(10 )((50 5 3) )
0.315
o
o
CE CC
c CEO
c CE C CC CEO
t
o CC CEO CC CEO s o
o
o
t t
v t V
i t I
P t v i V I V mA W
P V I dt V I f t
T
P V mA kHz s
P W

s s
=
=
= = = =
= =
=
=
}
ECE 442 Power Electronics 41
The total average power losses
42.33 97 135 0.315
274.65
T on n off o
T
T
P P P P P
P
P W
= + + +
= + + +
=
ECE 442 Power Electronics 42
Instantaneous Power for Example 4.2
ECE 442 Power Electronics 43
BJT Switch with an Inductive Load
ECE 442 Power Electronics 44
Load Lines