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Chapter 1
Product Handling:
storage of grains & seeds in silos, mechanical harvesting, transportation (withstand static & dynamic loading), etc. Product Processing: Thermal, mechnical, rheological, electrical properties, etc.
Thermal: specific heat, conductivity in food processing (heat treatment, canning, freezing, dehydration etc..)
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Product Processing:
Mechanical & rheological: govern the behaviour of solid materials during reduction process, flowing of fluid, etc. Electrical: conductivity while separating similar seed varieties, disperse hydrocolloid in H2O, etc. Dielectric properties govern the behaviour of food in dielectric & microwave heating. others: surface tension, surface rheology, contact area etc.
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Consumer Acceptance:
related to sensory quality of food products, such as mechanical properties and rheological properties affect the sensory property of texture. Geometrical Surface Optical
Thermal
Mechanical (rheological)
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Electrical
Units & Dimensions 3 system of units (std of measures): 1. International System of Units (SI) 2. Centimetre gram second (cgs) 3. Imperical Systems of Units [pounds, ounce,] The SI metric system has 7 basic/fundamentals unit (not relate to each other, mutually independent). All other SI units are called derived units (defined in terms of these 7 units).
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Symbol E P T G M k p
Handout distributed.
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Fundamental Units
1. Mass Dimension: [M] ; SI unit: kilogram (kg) Quantity of material making up an object. Differ from wt.
Wt is a measure of the gravitational force of pull acting on an object. The corresponding unit is the Newton (N). Mass of an object remains constant but its wt changes according to its distance from earth or another planet.
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Fundamental Units
1. Mass Example: The mass of a boy is 40 kg but the wt on the earth is 40 kg X 9.80 ms-2 (acceleration due to gravity), which is 400 N. 2. Length Dimension: [L] ; SI unit: metre (m) 3. Time Dimension: [T] ; SI unit: second (s)
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Fundamental Units
4. Temperature Dimension: [] ; SI unit: Kelvin (K) Degree of hotness of a body. Heat transfer until thermal equilibrium is achieved (= temp). 100oC 50oC
Normally reproducible fixed points are used to set up a scale of temp (often the melting point or boiling point of pure substances).
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Fundamental Units
4. Temperature The property chosen must be easily measured & changes in a uniform manner. Most commonly used is the melting point of ice & the boiling point of water under atmospheric pressure (at sea level). The 1oC interval is 1/100 times bet the boiling point & freezing point of water, whereas the 1 oF interval is 1/180 times. Therefore, it is > precise to record temp to 1 oF than 1 oC.
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Fundamental Units
4. Temperature If temp is reduced < 0, a point is finally reached at which all molecular motion stops & the kinetic energy of the molecule becomes 0. The temp at this point is known as absolute zero or zero Kelvin. The interval 1 K is = 1 oC.
K & R temp are > commonly used for calculation in equations such as the ideal gas & Arrhenius equations.
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Fundamental Units
5. Electric Current Dimension: [I] ; SI unit: Ampere (A) A measure of the flow of electrons. 6. Luminous Intensity
7. Amount of Substance
Dimension: [?] ; SI unit: mole (mol)
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Fundamental Units
7. Amount of Substance
When the mole is used, the elementary entity in the system must be specified & may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles or specified groups of such particles.
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Derived Units
Units derived from the 7 fundamental units.
Examples:
Area: [L2] (m2) Density: [ML-3] (kgm-3)
any length always has a dimension of L, independent of what units are arbitrarily chosen to measure it.
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factors
between
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Depending on the field of physics, it may be advantageous to choose one or another extended set of dimensional symbols.
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In thermodynamic: T (temperature)
In chemistry: no of molecules
The choice of the base set of dimensions is thus partly a convention, resulting in increased utility and familiarity.
It is important for ease of communications to have the entire community of scientists making the same choices.
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The choice of the dimensions or even the number of dimensions to be used in different fields of physics is to a certain extent arbitrary, but consistency in use and ease of communications are paramount.
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