SISTEM PERTAHANAN TUBUH

ALAMI Bersifat fisik Bersifat larutan DIDAPAT

Seluler 1. Fagosit 2. Sel NK

Spesifik

Non Spesifik

1. Kulit 2. Silia 3. Selaput lendir

1. Biokimia a. As. Lambung b. Lisozim c. Laktoferin

Humoral

Seluler

2. humoral a. Komplemen b. C-Reaktif Protein (CRF)

Sel B: Antibodi

Sel-T

Antigens substances that the body regards as foreign

Bacteria Fungi Viruses

Parasites
Allergens Toxins

E.Coli Bacteria

Antigens:

Have unique, consistent surface patterns

Patterns cause body to recognize antigens as enemies (musuh)

Contain surface features called antigenic determinants (binding sites; epitop)

Immune system
First line of defence: physical barrier Second line of defence : innate/non-specific immune system Third line of defence: learned/adaptive immune system

First line of defence

Skin & mucous membranes Enzymes Natural microbial flora Complement protein

Second line of defence : innate/non-specific immune system

Phagocytes Natural killer cells (NK cells) Granulocytes Macrophages

Third line of defence : learned/adaptive immune system

Antibodies Lymphocytes T- cells cellular immune defense B-cells humoral immune defense

Lymphatic System
Primary immune system component (Disease Defense System) Functions: To control flow of lymph fluid To produce lymph system components

To filter lymph fluid and blood

Lymphatic System Structures

1. Lymph Fluid

Interstitial fluid (fluid between cells)

Clear, colorless tissue fluid Helps feed cells with nutrients Moves hormones around body Removes & transports waste from cells

Lymphatic System Structures

2. Lymph Vessels (capillaries)

Thin-walled tubes separate from blood vessels

Contain valves to prevent backflow

Move lymph fluid into lymph nodes for filtering

Lymphatic System Structures

3. Lymph Nodes

Filter lymph fluid

Remove bacteria and viruses

Store white blood cells

Lymphatic System Structures

4. Tonsils Masses of lymph tissue Contain lymph nodes and lymph vessels

Protect nose and upper throat

Lymphatic System Structures

5. Spleen

Lymphatic tissue located in the cranial thoracic region

Produces white blood cells

Filters blood
Stores red blood cells

Lymphatic System Structures

6. Thymus

Lymph gland located medially in the cranioventral area of the thoracic cavity Most active in young animals
Place where some white blood cells produced in bone marrow reproduce and mature

Lymphatic System Structures

7. Bone Marrow Located in the epiphysis of long bones Produces white blood cells

Lymphatic System Components

1. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Lymphocytes
Attack specific antigens Formed in lymph structures & bone marrow Very large Formed in bone marrow Mature in thymus

Monocytes

Lymphatic System Components

2. Macrophages Phagocyte (eats cells) Develop from monocytes

Eats invading cells

Eats disabled antigens

Lymphatic System Components

3. T-Cells A type of lymphocyte

Produced in bone marrow

Mature in thymus Coordinate immune system defenses Kill antigens directly on contact

Lymphatic System Components

4. B-Cells Also called plasma cells A type of lymphocyte

Produced in bone marrow

Do not kill antigens directly Produce and release antibodies

Lymphatic System Components

5. Antibodies Called Immunoglobulins (Ig) Composed of proteins Attack and kill specific antigens Lock and Key method of attack

Produced by B-Cells

Struktur Imunoglobulin
Rantai berat/panjang (Heavy Chains) & ringan/pendek (Light Chains) Semua rantai disatukan oleh ikatan disulfida
Dalam rantai VL (Intra-chain) Antar Rantai (Interchain)
Ikatan disulfida

karbohidrat

CL

CH1 VH

CH2
Wilayah Engsel (Hinge Region)

CH3

Struktur Imunoglobulin
Ikatan disulfida

Wilayah Variabel & Konstant

VL & C L VH & C H
CL
VL CH1 CH2
Wilayah Engsel (Hinge Region)

karbohidrat

Wilayah Engsel (Hinge Region)

CH3

VH

Struktur Immunoglobulin
Domain penting
VL & C L VH & CH1 - CH3 (kadang ada CH4)
Ikatan Disulfida

Karbohidrat

Oligosakarida
VL

CL

CH1

CH2
Wilayah Engsel (Hinge Region)

CH3

VH

Fragmen Imunoglobulin: Hubungan Struktur Fungsi

Tempat Ikatan dengan antigen (Ag Binding; Fab)

Berikatan dengan Reseptor Fc

Fragmen Imunoglobulin:
Fab
Ag binding
Pepsin

Fc
Fungsi Efektor

F(ab)2
Fc Peptides F(ab)2

Klas Immunoglobulin
IgG - Gamma () heavy chains IgM - Mu () heavy chains IgA - Alpha () heavy chains IgD - Delta () heavy chains IgE - Epsilon () heavy chains

IgG
Struktur
Monomer (7S)

IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4

IgG3

IgG
Struktur Sifat-sifat

Ig serum utama Ig utama dalam cairan extravaskuler Transfer Plasenta Fiksasi komplemen Berikatan dengan Reseptor Fc receptors

Fagosit - opsonisasi Sel K - ADCC

IgM
Struktur
Pentamer (19S) domain ekstra (CH4) Rantai J
J Chain

CH4

IgM
Struktur Sifat-sifat
Ig serum ketiga terbanyak Ig pertama yang dibuat oleh fetus dan sel B
Ig permukaan sel B

Fiksasi komplemen
Bgn Ekor

IgA
Struktur
Serum monomer Sekresi (sIgA)
Dimer (11S) Rantai J Komponen sekrotori

Komponen Sekretori

Rantai J

IgA
Struktur Sifat-sifat Ig no. 2 terbanyak dalam serum Ig sekretori utama (Kekebalan lokal dan mukosa) Airmata, Air liur, sekresi lambung dan paru-paru

IgE
Struktur
Monomer Domain ekstra (CH4)

CH4

IgE
Struktur Sifat-sifat Paling rendah dalam serum Berikatan dengan basofil dan sel mast Bertanggung jawab dalam alergi Infestasi Parasit (Cacing) Berikatan dengan Reseptor Fc Eusinofil

ANTIGEN
Bahan yg dapat merangsang respon imun Dibedakan menjadi: - imunogen:bahan yg dpt menimbulkan respon imun - hapten: molekul yg dpt bereaksi dg antibodi tetapi tdk dapat merangsang pembentukan antibodi Epitop: bagian antigen yg dpt menginduksi pembentukan antibodi Epitop dapat diikat secara spesifik oleh bagian dr antibodi atau reseptor pd limfosit

Type epitop of ANTIGEN

Unideterminant univalen
Unideterminant multivalen Multideterminant univalen

Multideterminant multivalen

PEMBAGIAN ANTIGEN
Menurut Sifat kimiawinya Polisakarida Lipid Asam nukleat protein

The Antigen/Antibody Response

Antibodies disease-fighting proteins produced by the body in response to a specific antigen Have binding sites that match antigenic determinants on antigens Binding sites are chemical, not physical

The Antigen/Antibody Response The Lock and Key

Antibody binding sites match antigen surfaces like a key fits into a lock
Most antigen binding sites are keyed to a matching antibody in a healthy immune system.

The Antigen/Antibody Response Search and Destroy

Antigens have many binding sites on their surfaces.

Antibody molecules locate antigens and bind to the surfaces, sometimes in chains.

Antibodies disable (kill) antigens

Antibodies block antigens from attaching to body cells

Antibodies call macrophages to come and consume disabled antigens

The Antigen/Antibody Response

Shackled Prisoners = membelenggu narapidana

The Antigen/Antibody Response How does it work?

Antigens invade body Patrolling macrophages locate, recognize antigens as enemies, and ingest them. Macrophages read antigens and encode T-cells with antigen binding site instructions. Macrophages dispatch T-cells with antigen codes.

The Antigen/Antibody Response How does it work?

T-cells pass antigen binding instructions to B-cells (plasma cells) Plasma cells produce and release antibodies that match antigen binding sites

The Antigen/Antibody Response How does it work?

Macrophages find disabled antigens and consume them. Some T-cells remember antigens for faster response the next time an attack occurs.

Search & Destroy

The Army Within

How can we help it fight its battles?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Good general health Good nutrition Vaccines (specific antigens) Antitoxins (antibodies) Immune system boosters Stimulate lymphocyte production

Improve lymphocyte response time

Phagocytosis

Neutrophile to go out from blood vessel to site of infection: diaphedesis

Specific oligosaccha ride (of neutrophil) bind with lectin (of endothelial cells)

opsonization of Bacteria in plasma by opsonin particle, to phagocyte

Beautiful Macrophage in action

Neutrophil phagocyte of streptococcus

Fagositosis: letupan oksisidatif (Oxidative Burst)

Rangkaian gambar mikroskopis neutrofil yang bergerak menuju dan memakan jamur (bulatan oval). Penambahan indikator warna nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) menunjukkan bahwa sel leukosit tersebut mampu membunuh jamur dengan menggunakan kemampuan oksidatifnya yang mematikan (H202, NO, dlsb.)

Respiratory burst

H2 O2 + Cl
-

myeloperoxidase OCL + H2O 2O2 + 2H+

1

OCl + H2O
O2 + Cl + H2O H2O2 + 1O2 H2O + O2
-

Superoxide dismutase 2 H2 O2 catalase

Sel Pembunuh Alami (Natural Killer Cells/NK)

Setidaknya ada dua sel pembunuh: sel T sitotoksik (Tc/T8/Tcd8+) dan NK. Dalam aksinya Tc perlu mengenal antigen khas dan NK tidak memerlukannya. Keduanya mempunyai granula penuh bahan kimia mematikan

Fagosit dan Granulosit

Leukosit besar yang dapat menelan dan mencerna bahan asing Monosit dalam darah dan makrofag di jaringan, neutrofil dalam darah dan dapat pindah ke jaringan bila diperlukan Makrofag adalah sel serba-guna: sebagai pemakan, sintesis berbagai bahan kimia yang kuat, dan berperan penting dalam mengaktivkan sel T Neutrofil tidak hanya fagosit tapi juga granulosit: punya granula penuh bahan kimia potensial yang berperan dalam penghancuran mikroba dan reaksi radang Granulosit yang lain adalah eosinofil dan basofil Sel Mast adalah sel bergranula dalam jaringan