INVERTEBRATES

ANIMAL

INVERTEBRATES LACK BACKBONE MAJORITY OF ANIMALS (95%)

VERTEBRATES

INVERTEBRATA VS NON-CHORDATA
CHORDATES ANIMALS NON CHORDATES

Animals lacking notochord Non-chordates Animals lacking vertebral column Inverterbrates

Notochord

Vertebral Column

Flexible rod like structure between dorsal nerve tube and gut Mesodermal in origin Increases locomotory power and provide internal support in lower chordates

Bony structure made up of vertebrae and protects the spinal cord. Vertebral column replaces the notochord in case of higher chordates

A N I M A L I A

P H Y L A

Phylum Porifera Symplasma Placozoa Cnidaria Ctenophora Rhombozoa Platyhelminthes Orthonecta Gnathostomula Gastrotricha Nematoda Nematomorpha Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapula Rotifera Acanthocephala Onychophora Uniramia Chelicerata Crustacea Pentastoma Tardigrada Mollusca Sipuncula Echiura Annelida Pogonophora Nemertea Entoprocta Cycliophora Phorona Brachiopoda Bryozoa Chaetognatha Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata

Common Name sponges glass sponges placozoan hydroids, corals comb jellies small; obscure parasites flatworms orthonectidans gnathostomulans gastrotrichs roundworms nematomorphs mud-dragons loriciferans priapulans rotifers thorny-headed worms velvet worms uniramians or ateloceratans chelicerates (98% arachnids) Crustaceans tongue worms water bears molluscs peanut worms echiuroid worms segmented worms beard worms nemertine worms entoprocts or kamptozoans cycliophoran phoronans brachiopods bryozoans or ectoprocta or polyzoa arrow-worms star fish, sea cucumbers, sea urchins hemichordates chordates (including ourselves!)

Species 10,000 500 1 10,000 100 75 25,000 10 100 450 20,000 325 150 100 17 1800 1000 70 1,000,000 63,000 40,000 100 600 100,000 350 150 15,000 150 900 150 1 20 350 (25,000 fossil) 4300 90 7000 90 42,500

I V V V I V I V V I I I I V I I I I V V V I I I I I I I I I V I I V I I I V

INVERTEBRATES MAJOR PHYLA (11) 9 IN NEW CLASSIFICATION, MINOR PHYLA (19)

Characters Size Body Symmetry Germ Layer Coelom Gut Circulatory system

Lower invertebrates Small Simple Radial, biradial, asymmetrical Diploblastic Acoelomatesor pseudocoelomates Incomplete, non-muscular Not well developed, blood vascular system absent

Higher invertebrates Large Complex Bilateral symmetrical Triploblastic True coelomates Always complete and muscular Well developed

Example

Protozoa, Porifera,; Coelenterata,; Plaryhelminthes and Nematoda

Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata

PORIFERA

PORE BEARING ANIMALS COMMONLY CALLED AS SPONGES LOWEST METAZOANS IN SUBKINGDOM PARAZOA MAJORITY OF THEM ARE MARINE ORIGINATED IN PRECAMBRIAN PERIOD, FOSSILS ABOUT 600 MILLION YEARS OLD PORIFERA WAS GIVEN BY ROBERT GRANT

PECULIAR FEATURES OF PHYLUM PORIFERA

TWO TYPES OF SPORES OSTIA OSCULUM CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANISATION ASCONOID OR SYCONOID OR LEUCONOID CANAL SYSTEM PRESENCE OF COLLAR CELLS OR CHAENOCYTES ENDOSKELETON IS FORMED OF SPICULES OR SPONGIN FIBRES OR BOTH ABSENCE OF MOUTH OR DIGESTIVE CAVITY. DIGESTION IS INTRACELLULAR PRESENCE OF CENTRAL SPONGOCOEL OR PARAGASTRIC CAVITY ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION OCCURS EITHER BY EXTERNAL BUDDING OR INTERNAL BUDS CALLED GEMMULES INVERSION OCCUR DURING THE DEVELOPMENT GASTRULATION OCCURS BY INVAGINATION FATE OF GERM LAYERS IS OPPOSITE TO THAT OF HIGHER ANIMALS. NON FLAGELLATED CELLS FORM THE OUTER PINACODERM WHILE FLAGELLATED CELLS FORM THE INNER CHOANODERM

Asconoid

Syconoid

Leuconoid

Homocoela (Asconosa) e.g. leucosolenia, clathrina, olynthus Heterocoela (Syconosa) e.g. scypha, grantia, leucilla Calcispongiae or calcarea Hexasterophora e.g. euplectella

Amphidiscophora e.g. hyalonema

Porifera

Hyalospongiae or Hexactinellida

Tetractinellida e.g. geodia, plakina

Monaxonida e.g. cliona, chalina, spongilla

Keratosa e.g. euspongia, hippospongia, phyllospongia

Demospongiae

Myxospongida e.g. oscarella, hallisarca

Characters

Calcispongiae or calcarea

Hyalospongiae or hexactinellida

Demospongiae

Habitat Size Symmetry

All marine Small sized upto 15 cm

All marine Moderate size 10-30 cm

Marine as well as freshwater Large sized Flat, rounded or irregular and asymmetrical.
Leucon type eurypylous, aphodal or diplodal Monoaxon or 8rayed siliceous spicules or spongin fibres or both. Skeleton may be absent.

Radially symmetrical Radially symmetrical

Canal system

Ascon, sycon, leucon Eurypylous leucon type type Calcerous spicules (monoaxon, triradiate, tetraradiate) Megascleres 6-rayed hexactine siliceous spicules. Megascleres & microscleres

Endoskeleton

Calcispongiae Characters CANAL SYSTEM Body wall Position of choanocytes Examples Homocoela Asconoid Thin and unfolded Line spongocoel Leucosolenia, clathrina, olynthus Heterocoela Syconoid or eurypylous leuconoid Thick and folded Line radial canals Scypha, Grantia, Leucilla

Hyalospongiae
Characters Siliceous spicules Attachment Examples Hexasterophora Hexactine 6-rayed Amphidiscophora Amphidiscs (Diactine having a spiny disc at each end)

Either attached directly or by a root Attached to the substratum by a root tuft of pentactine or diactine spicules tuft of twisted monoaxon spicules Euplectella (Venus flower basket) Farnera, Staurocalyptus Hyalonema (glass rope sponge) Pheronema (bowl sponge)

Demospongiae Characters Megascleres type Spongin fibres O. Tetractinellida O. Monaxonida O. Keratosa Tetraxon or absent Absent Monaxon Absent O. Myxospongida Absent

May or may not Skeleton of only Absent be present spongin fibres so called horny sponges Cliona (boring sponge), tethya , chalina (dead mans finger sponge), spongilla (fresh water sponge) Euspongia, (bath sponge), hippospongia (horse sponge), phyllospongia (leaf sponge) Oscarella, halisarca

Examples

Geodia, plakina

Scypha Habitat Marine sedentary, colonial sponge Absent Omnivorous , intracellular digestion, water current by collar cells. External budding Hermaphro dite protogyny, internal fertilization Amphiblast

Grantia Marine sedentary syconoid sponge Absent Omnivorou s, holozoic, intracellula r digestion

euplectella Marine, solitary, sedentary sponge Absent Omnivorous, intracellular digestion, water current by solar cells External budding

Hyalonema Spongilla Marine sedentary sponge Fresh water colonial and sedentary sponge Absent Omnivorou s intracellular digestion

Euspongia Marine sedentary sponge bath sponge Absent Omnivorou s food current by collar cells intracellular digestion Internal buds gemmules Same as in euplectella

Locomotn Feeding

Absent Omnivorou s, intracellular digestion

asexual Reproduct n Sexual reproduct n

External budding Same as in sycon

External budding

Internal buds, gemmules, Same as in euplectella

Unisexual or Same as in dioecious, no euplectella sexual dimorphism, internal fertilization,

Scypha

Grantia

Euplectella Skeleton of siliceous spicules

Hyalonema Spongilla Spherical or oval shaped sponge Axis or columella is produced into anterior gastral cone Root tuft of twisted monaxon spicules Numerous small sized pores Dermal ostia

Euspongia Raised small ridges ,conuli Numerous small sized pores Dermal ostia in between ridges Single large osculum at the tip of each branch Skeleton of spongin fibres Spherical or globular

Vase like Vase like colonial sponge colonial sponge Numerous small sized pores Dermal ostia Numerous small sized pores Dermal ostia

Morph ology

Single large osculum at the tip of each branch

Single Osculum is large covered by a osculum at sieve plate the tip of each branch Special cortical spicules Grade iii syconoid

Single large osculum at the tip of each branch Sponge is highly branched

Scypha

grantia

Euplectella

Hyalonema

spongilla

Euspongia

Porifera: Biodiversity and Economic Importance

Body form vase like e.g. Leucosolenia cylindrical e.g. Euplectella or irregular e.g. Spongilla Organisation Cellular organisation multicellular but showing no coordination Cell-aggregate plan little differentiation
Size Ranges from 1 cm to 1 m. Symmetry Radially symmetrical e.g. scypha, euplectulla Asymmetrical e.g. spongilla Body wall Diploblastic: Outer dermal layer or pinacoderm and inner gastral layer or choanoderm Between the two layers there is gelatinous and non-cellular mesoglea or mesenchyme or mesohyl containing many types of amoebocytes.

 Pores Two types of pores Numerous and small sized pores Dermal Ostia Single or few large sized pores - Oscula Habitat Marine except a single family of about 150 species. Spongilla fresh water sponge Organelles of locomotion Sedentary Lacks all kinds of locomotory structures Canal system peculiar system of interconnected canals, water moves, called Aquiferous system. Central cavity is called spongocoel or paragastric cavity Asconoid type, syconoid type or leuconoid type Endoskeleton Secreted by special amoebocytes Calcerous spicules or siliceous spicules or spongin fibres Nutrition Omnivorous and holotrophic in nutrition Reserve food stored in special amoebocytes Thesocytes

 Respiration and Excretion Aerobic and ammonotelic and occur through their general body surface
Circulation Food distributed through cell to cell diffusion or by trophocytes moving in mesoglea Sense organs and Nervous system No special sensory or nerve cells for coordination but cells are sensitive. Slow and local reactions Reproduction and Development Asexual reproduction External budding or by internal buds gemmules Sexual reproduction Bisexual or monoecious or hermaphrodite No organised gonads, archaeocytes act as gonocytes and form haploid gametes Internal and cross fertilizationa Development Indirect, Free swimming parenchymulla or amphiblastula larva for dispersal Peculiar feature of development of sponges is inversion of blastula and flagellated layer forms inner choanoderm and non flagellated layer form the outer pinacoderm

Economic Importance of sponges

USEFUL SPONGES Food Well protected animals due to disagreeable taste, strong unpleasant odour and the bristly spiculation but certain animals feed upon them Crustacean True parasites Nudibranch molluscs - Feed with radulla Commercial significance Order Keratosa Euspongia, Hippospongia and Phyllospongia have spongin fibres soft, absorbent, durable and highly elastic Dried, trimmed skeleton are used 1. Washing cars, floors, ceilings, furnitures 2. Applying shoe-polish and cream 3. Cleaning purposes and surgery 4. Roofing, linolium, sound absorbing wall board, padding and packing material

Ornamental significance Skeleton of Euplectulla (Venus flower) gives a basket like appearance. Dried skeleton of Euplectulla is used as a marriage gift as a symbol of union till death in Japan. Habitatat for commensals The spongocoel act as excellent hiding place for a variety of small animals. They live either as endocommensals or symbionts. Logger-head sponge provide habitat to as many as 17128 animals. Euplectella shows commensalism with a pair of crustacean Venusta spongicoli Sponges as symbionts Some sponge grow on other animals and form a protective umbrella to them. In return, they are transported by its symbiont. E.g. Suberites growing on snail shell occupied by hermit crabs. Siliceous spicules of sponges form large flint deposits

HARMFUL SPONGES
Boring sponges Cliona attach themselves to shells of oysters, clams, barnacles dissolve the lime of their hard shells making holes and finally kill animals. Huge loss to the oyster beds and pearl industry Some sponges bore hole in solid rocks weakening the sea walls Sponges produce poisonous secretions and may be as dangerous as the poison ivy

PORIFERA IN GENERAL: CANAL SYSTEM AND SPICULES IN SPONGES

Canal system: Aquiferous system 3 types of canal system Asconoid system Syconoid system Leuconoid canal system Asconoid canal system 1. Characteristics Simplest type Thin and unfolded wall with uniform thickness Outer pinacoderm or dermal layer of pinacocytes Inner choanoderm or gastral layer of choanocytes or collar cells Ostia Minute openings- Ostia

Mesoglea Weakly developed and uniform thickness. No Dermal or gastral complex.

Choanocytes or collar cells Line the whole of spongocoel Spongocoel Large and spacioius. Opens out by Osculum or excurrent aperture Guarded by Oscular fringe of long monoaxon spicules Route of water flow: Outer water Dermal Ostia Spongocoel Osculum Outside

2.

Occurrence Order Asconosa or Homocoela E.g. Leucosolenia, Olynthus, Ascetta Sponges having vase-like and radial symmetry

Syconoid Canal System 1. Characteristics Complex than asconoid canal system Found in a larger number of vase like and radially symmetrical sponges

Thicker and folded wall Thickening of mesoglea, form cortex in certain areas Dermal ostia Open directly in radial canals or through incurrent canals but never open directly into the spongocoel Radial canals and incurrent canals Infolding of derma layer form incurrent spaces or incurrent canals Outfolding of spongocoel form radial canals Alternatively arranged Choanocytes Restricted in radial canals only Spongocoel Narrow and lined by pinacocytes. Opens out by osculum Origin: Derived from asconoid canal system by folding of body wall and thickening of mesoglea.

3 grades of syconoid canal system Grade I (Dermal cortex absent) Radial canals are formed by evagination of spongocoel and lined by collar cells. Completely surrounded by water and separated by wide spaces called Incurrent spaces. Organised incurrent canals are absent Grade II (Dermal cortex) Class calcarea Radial canals come closer. Enclosing tubular passages called Incurrent Canals formed by invagination of dermal layer. Incurrent canals lined by Pinacocytes Radial canals lined by Collar cells Tangential section Each incurrent canals is surrounded by four radial canal Dermal ostia Intercellular apertures, surrounded by contractile pinacocytes : Mycocytes act as sphincters. Incurrent canals and Radial canals are connected by short and narrow intercellular canals Prosopyles comparable to dermal ostia.

Mesoglea Thickened and form gastral and dermal cortex. Excurrent or efferent canal is formed . Apopyles are circular aperture. Excurrent canals open in spongocoel by gastral ostia. Spongocoel Reduced and narrow. Lined by pinacocytes and opens out by apical osculum Route of water flow: Outside water Dermal Ostia Incurrent canals Prosopyles Radial canals Apopyles Excurrent Canals Gastral Ostia Spongocoel Osculum Outside E.g. Scypha

Grade III Similar to grade II of syconoid canal system Mesoglea is much thickened Incurrent canals become long, narrow and branched Large cortical spaces called Hypodermal Spaces. E.g. Grantia, Amphoriscus, Heteropegma

Leuconoid Canal System

Most complex, majority of sponges Large sized and asymmetrical Wall Much folded Enormous development of mesoglea Incurrent canal and excurrent canal beocme branched Dermal ostia Open in the incurrent canal either directly or through hypodermal spaces Choanocytes Confined in Flagellated chambers formed by evagination of radial canals Spongocoel Reduced or either narrow or absent. When absent, excurrent canals join to form excurrent spaces which open by oscula

4 grades of Leuconoid canal system Grade I or Eurypylous canal system Most primitive
Flagellated chambers Wide and open Open directly into the excurrent canal by apopyle Each chamber recieves water from the incurrent canal by Prosopyles Route of water flow

Outside water Dermal Ostia Hypodermal spaces

Flagellated chambers Apopyle Excurrent canals Osculum Outside

Incurrent canal Prosopyle

Excurrent spaces

Grade II Prosodal Canal System

Flagellated chambers Small and rounded Recieves water from incurrent canal through a long, narrow and tubular canal called Prosodus Opens into excurrent canal through simple and wide aperture called apopyle Route of water

Outside water Dermal Ostia Hypodermal spaces

Flagellated chambers Apopyle Excurrent canals

Incurrent canals Prosodus

Excurrent space Osculum Outside

Grade III Aphodal canal system Flagellated chambers Small and rounded Recieves water from incurrent canal through prosopyle Opens into excurrent canal through a long, narrow and tubular canal called Aphodus Route of water Outside water Dermal Ostia Hypodermal space Incurrent canal Prosopyle

Flagellated chambers Aphodus Excurrent canal Osculum Outside

Grade IV Diplodal canal system Flagellated chambers Small and rounded Each recieves water through long and tubular prosodus Opens in excurrent canal through long and tubular aphodus
Route of water flow Outside water Dermal Ostia Hypodermal space Flagellated chambers Aphodus Excurrent canal Osculum Outside Incurrent canal Prosodus Excurrent sinus3