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Introduction
The most important feature that separates amoeba from the other group of protozoa is the presence of pseudopods in their trophozoite form. Amoebic life cycle require two morphologic forms :
Trophozoite
Shape Size Surface
Cyst
Spherical
40-60 mm across
Covered with thick, hard cyst wall with cilia sometimes visible underneath
Motility
Non-motile
Not infective
By binary fission or conjugation Macronucleus (spherical, next to macronucleus) visible
Infective
Non-reproductive macronucleus (kidney-shaped) visible; contractile vacuole visible in young cysts; in older cysts, organelle structures look granular (kidney-shaped) and micronucleus Only
Important
structures Diagnosis
cell Funnel-shaped cytostome (cell mouth) near anterior Cyst wall made of one or two layers
end; 2 contractile vacuoles Occasionally found in feces, often found in tissue Diagnostically found in feces of infected biopsies of infected individuals individuals
Entamoeba histolytica
Kingdom: Protista Subkingdom: Protozoa Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Subphylum: Sarcodina Class: Lobosea Order: Amoebida Family: Entamoebidae Genus: Entamoeba Species: histolytica
Entamoeba histolytica
a protozoan parasite responsible for a disease called
amoebiasis.
Universally considered to be a pathogen. Considered a leading cause of parasitic deaths after only malaria and schistosomiasis.
Geographic Distribution
Worldwide, with higher incidence of amoebiasis in developing countries. In industrialized countries, risk groups include male homosexuals, travelers and recent immigrants, and institutionalized populations.
Number of nuclei
Karyosome Peripheral chromatin
One
Small and central Fine and evenly distributed
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic inclusions
8- 22 m
Spherical to round One - four Small and central Fine and evenly distributed Finely granular Chromatoid bars/ rounded ends
L I F E C Y C L E
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Microscopic identification of cysts and trophozoites in the stool is the common method for diagnosing E. histolytica. In addition, E. histolytica trophozoites can also be identified in aspirates or biopsy samples obtained during colonoscopy or surgery.
Laboratory diagnosis:
Saline wet preparationmotility of the amoebic trophozoite
Permanent stains - refractive and invisible structures are clearly visible and easier to identify
When E. histolytica is suspected but not recovered in stool samples, other laboratory tests including serological procedures may be utilized:
Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Indirect hemagglutination (IHA) Gel-diffusion precipitin (GDP) Indirect immunofluorescent (IIF)
DISEASE
The range of symptoms varies and depends on two major factors: The location(s) of the parasite in the host The extent of tissue invasion Minor infections (luminal amoebiasis) can cause symptoms that include: gas (flatulence) intermittent constipation loose stools stomach ache Stomach cramping.
TREATMENT
Diloxanide furoate (Furamide)- only cysts in the stool Iodoquinol or Metronidazole (Flagyl) for both cysts and trophozoites Chloroquine plus iodoquinol of Flagyl- amoebic colitis Dehydroemetine dihydrochlorideacute amoebic dysentery Flagyl or dehydroemetine plus chloroquine- amoebic liver abscess
Entamoeba coli Kingdom: Protista Subkingdom: Amebozoa Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Subphylum: Sarcodina Family: Entamoebidae Genus: Entamoeba Species: coli
Entamoeba coli
non-pathogenic amoeba with worldwide distribution. Its life cycle is similar to that of E. histolytica but it does not have an invasive stage and does not ingest red blood cells. Single-celled parasites commonly found in the intestinal tract but never associated with illness. They do not harm the body, even in people with weak immune systems.
Cytoplasmic inclusions Thin chromaid bars with pointed to splintered ends Diffuse glycogen mass
L I F E C Y C L E
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Stool examination
The presence of Entamoeba coli suggests ingestion of contaminated food or drink and a presence of pathogenic parasites in addition to the nonpathogenic Entamoeba coli. Where amebic dysentery is suspected, the laboratory should be informed that a "hot stool" is being supplied so that it can be examined within twenty minutes of being passed. Direct microscopy should be done by mixing a small amount of the specimen in 0.9% sodium chloride solution.
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