Group 4

Introduction
Water; Water on Earth; Water Cycle; Uses of Water; Potable Water ; Water Quality; Water-Borne Diseases

Water is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H2O. A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds.

Properties of water
Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is tasteless and odorless. Water is a good polar solvent and is often referred to as the universal solvent. The maximum density of water occurs at 3.98 C (39.16 F).

Properties of water
Its density is 1,000 kg/m3 (62.428 lb/cu ft or 8.3454 lb/US gal) liquid (at 4 C; ice has a density of 917 kg/m3). Water can be split by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen. Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, but this increases with the dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as sodium chloride. Most of the major components in cells (proteins, DNA and polysaccharides) are also dissolved in water.
- Wikipedia

Water on Earth

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface; the oceans contain 96.5% of the Earth's water. The Antarctic ice sheet, which contains 61% of all fresh water on Earth, is visible at the bottom. Condensed atmospheric water can be seen as clouds, contributing to the Earth's albedo.

IF THE WORLDS WATER WERE POURED INTO A BUCKET.

Water is vital to life on Earth. It is the only known substance that naturally exists in gas, liquid, and solid form within the relatively small range of air temperatures and pressures found at Earths surface. Because of this, water has profound consequences for Earths climate and ecosystems. It also has the capacity to store large amounts of heat and transport this heat over vast distances via ocean currents. -NASA

Water has other unusual chemical and physical properties that play important roles in shaping Earths environment. Ice, waters solid phase, is less dense than liquid water and so it floats, insulating the water underneath. This prevents the complete freezing of bodies of water, whether a small pond or the Arctic Ocean. The insulating effect of ice enables the water below to sustain life through the harshest of winters. Water is also responsible for the transport of key nutrients vital to the survival of plant and animal life both on land and in the oceans.
- NASA

Uses of Water
Domestic Purposes
utilization of water for drinking, washing, bathing, cooking, or other household needs, home gardens and watering of lawns or domestic animals.

Municipal Purposes
utilization of water for supplying water requirements of the community.

Power Generation
utilization of water for producing electrical or mechanical power.

Irrigation
utilization of water for producing agricultural crops.

Fisheries
utilization of water for the propagation of culture of fish as a commercial enterprise.

Livestock raising
utilization of water for large herds or flocks of animals raised as a commercial enterprise.

Industrial purposes
utilization of water in factories, industrial plants and mines, including the use of water as an ingredient of a finished product.

Recreational purposes
utilization of water for swimming pools, bath houses, boating, water skiing, golf courses, and other similar facilities in resorts and other places of recreation.

Water Classification
DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER No. 34 Series of 1990

Class AA

Public Water Supply Class I. This class is intended primarily for waters having watersheds which are uninhabited and otherwise protected and which require only approved disinfection in order to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines.

Class A

Public Water Supply Class II. For sources of water supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.

Class B

Recreational Water Class I. For primary contact recreation such as bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. (particularly those designated for tourism purposes).

Class C

Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and other aquatic resources; Recreational Water Class II (Boatings, etc.) Industrial Water Supply Class I (For manufacturing processes after treatment).

Class D

For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc. Industrial Water Supply Class II (e.g. cooling, etc.) Other inland waters, by their quality, belong to this classification.

Potable Water
Potable water is water suitable for drinking and cooking purposes. Potability considers both the safety of water in terms of health, and its acceptability to the consumer usually in terms of taste, odor, color, and other sensible qualities.

Water Quality

Water Quality Tests

Water Quality Parameters

Frequency of Sampling
The NWRB and the Department of Health (DOH) prescribe certain protocols for the testing of water at the supply source and through the distribution system. These are different for the microbiological concerns and the physical and chemical characteristics of the product.

Microbiological Tests:
Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Drinking-Water Supply Systems for Microbiological Examination

Physical/Chemical Tests:

The minimum frequency of physical and chemical sampling for drinking water supply is once a year regardless of service levels. Samples are to be taken from the source itself.

COMPONENTS OF WATER QUALITY

In accordance with the Philippines National Standards for Drinking Water, three aspects of water quality need to be considered. These are the Chemical, Physical and Microbiological aspects.

Chemical Aspects
Hardness Alkalinity or Acidity Carbon Dioxide Dissolved Oxygen Chemical Oxygen Demand Organic Nitrogen Iron and Manganese Toxic Substances Phenolic Compounds

Hardness
is due primarily to calcium and magnesium carbonates and bicarbonates (which can be removed by boiling) and calcium and magnesium sulfate and chloride (which can be removed by chemical precipitation using lime and sodium carbonate). Hardness in water is objectionable for the following reasons:

Calcium and magnesium sulfate have a laxative effect. Hard water makes lathering more difficult, and so it increases soap consumption. In boilers, pots and kettles, hardness causes scaling, resulting in the reduction of the thermal efficiency and restriction of flow.

Alkalinity or Acidity
the presence of acid substances is indicated by pH below 7.0 and alkaline substances by pH greater than 7.0. Acidic water is corrosive to metallic pipes.

Carbon Dioxide
the presence of appreciable quantities of carbon dioxide makes water corrosive due to carbonic acid formation and the presence of free CO2.

Dissolved Oxygen
aside from a flat taste, water devoid of oxygen may indicate an appreciable level of oxygen-consuming organic substances.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) COD is a measure of the amount of organic content of water. As bacteria utilize oxygen in the oxidation of organic matter, the COD increases and the dissolved oxygen in the water decreases.

Organic Nitrogen
organic nitrogen is a constituent of all waste protein products from sewage, kitchen wastes and all dead organic matter. Freshly produced waste normally contains pathogenic bacteria. All water high in organic nitrogen should therefore be suspected for possible contaminants.

Iron and Manganese

groundwater usually contains more of these two minerals than surface water. Iron and manganese are nuisances that must be removed if in excess of 0.3 mg/l and 0.1 mg/l respectively. They stain clothing and plumbing fixtures, and the growth of iron bacteria causes strainers and screens to clog and metallic conduits to rust. The appearance of a reddish brown or black precipitate in a water sample after shaking indicates, respectively, the presence of iron or manganese.

Toxic Substances
a number of chemical substances, if present in appreciable concentration in drinking water, may constitute a danger to health. These toxic substances include:
Arsenic Barium Cadmium Hexavalent chromium Cyanide Lead Selenium Silver

Phenolic Compounds
these cause undesirable taste in water whenever present.

Physical Aspects
Turbidity

is a measure of the degree of cloudiness or muddiness of water. It is caused by suspended matter in water like silt, clay, organic matter or microorganisms. Even when caused by factors that do not pose a health risk, turbidity is objectionable because of its adverse aesthetic and psychological effects on the consumers.

 Color

is due to the presence of colored substances in solution, such as vegetable matter and iron salt. It does not necessarily have detrimental effects on health. Color intensity could be measured through visual comparison of the sample to distilled water.

 Odor

odor should be absent or very faint for water to be acceptable for drinking. Pure water is odorless; hence, the presence of undesirable odor in water is indicative of the existence of contaminants.

 Taste

pure water is tasteless, hence, the presence of undesirable taste in water indicates the presence of contaminants. Algae, decomposing organic matter, dissolved gases, and phenolic substance may cause tastes.

Microbiological Aspects
Drinking water should be free of pathogenic microorganisms.
Bacteria Parasitic protozoa and helminths Pathogenic protozoans
Entamoeba Giardia

Philippine Standards for Water Quality

The Philippines National Standards for Drinking Water 2007 (PNSDW-2007) provide the minimum standards for quality of potable water. Per PNSDW, drinking water must be clear, colorless and free from objectionable taste and odor. All other standard values are contained in the PNSDW Administrative Order No. 2007-0012 or any other standards more recently issued by the Department of Health.

Standard Values for Physical and Chemical Qualities for Acceptability

NTU =Nephelometric turbidity unit

Water-Borne Diseases

Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation ("-itis") of the gastrointestinal tract that involves both the stomach ("gastro"-) and thesmall intestine ("entero"-).

Cause Viral Rotavirus Norovirus Adenovirus Astrovirus Bacterial Campylobacter jejuni Escherichia coli Salmonella Shigella

Symptoms diarrhea Vomiting and abdominal pain cramping

Infectious Hepatitis
is a medical condition defined by the inflammation of the liver and characterized

by the presence of inflammatory cells in

the tissue of the organ.

Symptoms Dark urine Pale or clay colored stools Abdominal pain or distention Itching on the body parts Nausea and vomiting Low grade fever Weigth loss Breast developments in males

Poliomyelitis
often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute, viral, infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route. Cause: poliomyelitis virus

Effects: Inflammation of spinal cord Paralysis

- Wikipedia

- Wikipedia

- Wikipedia

END

Prepared By:

DOMINICK ATIZADO BAS

REFERENCES: GREENPEACE. (2007, October). The state of water in the Philippines. Quezon City, Philippines : Greenpeace Southeast Asia. The World Bank Office Manila. (2012, February ). Rural Water Supply Design Manual (Vol. 1). Metro Manila, Philippines: TWBOM.