Protective relays

by Sudheer.K

INTRODUCTION
The detection and disconnection of faulty section

or apparatus can be achieved by using fuses or relays in conjunction with circuit breakers.

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DEFINITION
It is a device that detects the fault and initiates

the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective from the rest of the system.

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REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING:

Selectivity

Speed
Reliability Simplicity Sensitivity Economy

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Selectivity: It is the ability of the protective system to select correctly that part of the system in trouble and disconnect the faulty part with out disturbing the rest of the system. Speed: The relay system should disconnect the faulty section as fast as possible due to the following reasons: The electrical components can be damaged if faulty current passes through it for a long time. A failure on the system leads to a great reduction in the system voltage.

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Sensitivity: It is the ability of the relay system to operate with low value of actuating quantity. Reliability: It is the ability of the relay system to operate under the predetermined conditions. Simplicity: The relay system should be simple so that it can be easily maintained. Economy: The most important factor in the choice of a particular protection scheme is economic aspect.
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OPERATING RELAY TYPES:

1.

Electromagnetic attraction
1. 2. 3.

Attracted armature type relay Solenoid type Balanced beam type relay

2.

Electromagnetic induction
Shaded pole structure 2. Watt hour meter / double winding structure 3. Induction cup structure
1.

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Electromagnetic attraction:

Attracted armature type relay:

It consists of laminated electromagnet (M)carrying

a coil (C)and pivoted laminated armature as shown in fig. Under normal conditions, the coil carry normal current .so that it wont attract the plunger upwards.

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 Under faulty conditions , the current in the coil

increases .hence the plunger attracted upwards and shorts the contacts of the trip circuit . then the circuit breaker opens the circuit.

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Solenoid type relay:

It consists of solenoid and movable iron plunger.

Under normal conditions, the current in the coil is

normal , such that the plunger is in the position shown in fig.

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 Under faulty conditions , the current in the coil

exceeds causes the plunger to attract upwards . Thus the trip contacts are closed and the circuit breaker operates.

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BALANCED BEAM TYPE RELAY:

It

consists of iron armature fastened to a balanced beam. Under normal conditions, the current through the relay coil is such that the beam is in horizontal position by the spring.

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 Under faulty conditions , the current in the coil

increases than the pick up current. Hence the plunger is pulled down causes the trip contacts to close. Then the circuit breaker operates and opens the circuit.

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Electromagnetic induction: Shaded pole structure:

The

general arrangement structure is shown in fig .

of

shaded-pole

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 It consists of pivoted aluminum disc free to rotate in

the air-gap of an electromagnet. One half of each pole of the magnet is surrounded by a copper band known as shading ring as shown in figure. The alternating flux s in the shaded portion of the poles will lag behind the flux u in the unshaded portion by an angle . These two fluxes differing in phase will produce the necessary torque to rotate the disc. the driving torque T is given by,
T s u sin Assuming the fluxes s and u I T I2 sin This shows that driving torque is proportional to the
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square of current in the relay coil.

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Watt hour -meter structure:

It consists of a pivoted aluminum disc arranged to

rotate freely between the poles of two electromagnets.

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 The upper electromagnet carries two windings the

primary and the secondary. The primary winding carries the relay current I1 while the secondary winding is connected to the winding of the lower magnet. The primary current induces e.m.f in the secondary and so circulates a current I2 in it. The flux 2 induced in the lower magnet by the current in the secondary winding of the upper magnet will lag behind 1 by an angle . The two fluxes 1 and 2 differing in phase by will produce a driving torque on the disc proportional to 1 2 sin . An important feature of this type of relay is that its in operation can be controlled by opening or closing the sudheer.K 9/29/2013 17 secondary winding circuit if this circuit is opened no

Induction cup structure

It resembles an induction motor, except that the

rotor iron is stationary, only the rotor conductor portion being free to rotate. Two pairs of coils wound on four poles as shown produce the rotating field. The rotating field induces current in the cup to provide the necessary driving torque. If 1 and 2 represent the fluxes produced by the respective pairs of poles, then torque produced is proportional to 1 2 sin
where is the phase difference between the two
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fluxes.

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 A control spring and the backstop for closing of the

contacts carried on an arm are attached to the spindle of the cup to prevent the continuous rotation. Induction cup structures are more efficient torque producers than either the shaded pole or the watthour meter structure. So this type of relay has very high speed and may have an operating time less then 0.1 second

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Thank you!

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