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Course Outline
Irrigation principles. Land preparation and farming for irrigation. Surface, sprinkler, trickle, and sub-surface irrigation systems. Design of irrigation systems hydrologic design of small dams. Pumps hydraulic characteristic and selection for varying duties. Irrigation scheduling. Salt problems in irrigated agriculture, leaching and reclamation of saline and alkaline soils.
Course Requirement
A compulsory course for all student in the Department of Agriculture Engineering . Students are expected to participate in all the course activities and have minimum of 75% attendance to be able to write the final examination. They should also participate fully in all practicals.
Reading list
Principles of Irrigation Engineering by
Methods of Irrigation
A.
Surface Irrigation
Wild flooding Border strip Check Basin Furrow
B.
Sub- Irrigation
Natural sub-irrigation (Advantages & disadvantages) Artificial sub-irrigation (Advantages & disadvantages)
C.
Overhead Irrigation
Rotating head systems Perforated pipe system Furrow irrigation
D.
Border Irrigation
Level Border Graded Border
Darcy-Weibach Equation
hL
flv 2 2 gd
Bernoullis Equation
V1 P V P 1 Y1 2 2 Y1 h 2g W 2g W
Bucket and watch method Float method Flow from a vertical pipe Flow from a horizontal pipe Discharge from siphon tubes
Methods of Frequency
Meteorological Method for determining CU or ETp for the plant Blaney Criddle method Plant Index method (i) Crop itself (ii) indicator Plant (iii) change in leave colour (iv) Physiological Index Soil Index method (i) Moisture content (ii) Soil potential by tensiometer
Irrigation Efficiencies
Reservoir Storage Efficiency
Ws = amount of water directed, Wso = amount of water stored
Er = Ws/Wso X 100%,
Effects of poor drainage on plants and soil Reduces aeration in soil Water-logging Anaerobic decomposition Temperature fluctuation in soil
Factors affecting rate of flow into drains Soil permeability Depth of soil Drain spacing Drain opening Drain diameter Distribution of potential at a flow boundary
Gully Erosion
Aim of Gully Erosion Control To reduce peak flow rate To provide stable channel Runoff reduction Vegetative control Structures Stages of Gully Development Channel erosion by downward scour of topsoil Upstream movement of gully head Healing stage Stabilization of gully
Terraces
Terracing: An erosion control method Types are: Bench terrace Broad based terrace Functions of terraces To decrease length of hill-side slope To remove or retain runoff rate in area of inadequate rainfall Terrace Design involves: Proper spacing Location of terraces Design of channel with suitable capacity Development of farmable cross-section Terrace Spacing Location Land slope Soil condition Proposed land use Farm roads Fences and outlet
Reclamation Procedure
Permanent reclamation Lowering water table (if high) Improving infiltration rate of soil Leaching of salts in saline soils Replacing excessive exchangeable Na by ca salts Suitable management practice Temporary reclamation Removing the salts crust from surface of soil (Biological) Ploughing salt surface-crust (Physical) Neutralizing effects of salts (Chemical) Synergic effects
Class projects
1. Design a channel of rectangular cross-section to carry water at the rate of 0.3m3/s a distance of 5 km if the width is restricted to 1.5 m and the head loss along the length limited to 1 m. Consider lining to be of rough concrete (n= 0.015) Determine the system capacity for a sprinkler irrigation system to irrigate 16ha of maize crop. Design moisture use rate is 5 mm/day. Moisture replaced in soil at each irrigation is 6 cm. Irrigation efficiency is 70%. Irrigation period is 10 days in a 12-day interval. The system is to be operated for 20 hours per day.
2.