Evaluating Protective Relay Performance Through Relay Testing

PRESENTED BY
JAY B. THAKAR SAGAR J KOTHARI

Introduction: What is Protective Relaying??? Protection Relays Monitor Voltage & Current Amplitude, Phase Angle, Frequency continuously in electrical networks to detect Faults in networks & isolate faulty section before any serious Damage.
2

Introduction: Protective Relaying Protection Relays are Categorized as;

Feeder Protection Relays
Cable Protection Transmission Line Protection

Electrical Machine Protection Relays

Generator Unit Protection Transformer Unit Protection Motor Unit Protection
3

Introduction: Feeder Protective Relaying Feeder Protection Relays are act as a Primary & Backup Protection
Primary Protection act Immediately & isolate fault section with in 50-100ms Backup Protection act when Primary protection fails. Operation of Backup Protection is Time Delayed.
4

Introduction: Electrical Machine Protection Relay Electrical Machine Protection Relays: Unit Protection
Unit Protection relays are Act for Internal Machine faults. Operating time of unit Protection relays are 30 to 80ms

What is relaying???

Introduction: Protective Relaying

R 2

R 1

R 1

3
R 2

Introduction: Dynamic Power System Condition

How I can simulate starting char of motor for motor Protection relays??? How I can simulate dynamic conditions of generator for generator Protection relays??? What are the harmonic contents that relay sees while Energizing TR?????? What are the harmonic contents relay sees during TR Over Excitation???????? What are the harmonic content & Relay operating time during an internal fault followed by CT saturation????????? How I can see the performance of Distance Protection relays on CCVT transient????
7

Outline

What is the existing relay test practice? What is the advance relay test practice? Summary

What is the Existing Relay Test Practice?

Phasor Testing
Steady State Testing Dynamic State Testing

Routine Test, Commissioning Test

Routine Test Application Test:

Phasor Testing: Steady State Testing

Constant Current Method: Set Fixed Current & phase angle and Ramps Voltage from normal voltage to threshold value until Voltage Ramp starts to decrease from Normal the relay operates Voltage to until relay Only Trips One parameter is varying at time.

10

Phasor Testing: Dynamic State Testing

Dynamic State Testing means true fault simulated Power system conditions on Fundamental Frequency. Amplitudes/Phases will be changed continuously

11

Dynamic State Testing: Test Procedure

Power System Model
Makes States Prefault, Fault & Post Fault Test Software (State Simulation-SSIMUL)

Simulate Faults

Import in SSIMUL

Testing Kit (F6150) V & I Sources TRIP

Relay

12

Phasor Testing: Dynamic State Testing

Pole Slipping Detected & Issued Trip command

13

Transient Testing:

For Example;
Transient CT Saturation & Its Effect on relay operation Severe CT Saturation & Its Effect on relay operation Transformer Inrush current, Over Excitation phenomenon & Its Effect on relay operation CCVT Transient Fero-resonance

14

What is the Advance Relay Test Practice?

Transient Testing
Pre-purchase Setting fine Evaluation Tuning Trouble shooting Simultaneously Apply Fundamental Product Design Freq. & Harmonic Freq components Application Test

(Including DC OFFSET) of Voltages and Currents Phasor

15

Transient Testing:

Preventive study
Creating Test waveforms in Network Simulation Programs like (EMTP/ATP/PSCAD/DIGSILENT) Apply Transient waveforms to relay

Post-event Analysis.
DFR (COMTRADE files) Replaying IEEE COMTRADE files to relay

16

Transient Testing: Test Procedure

Power System Model (EMTP/ATP)

DFR

IEEE COMTRADE Files (.dat & .cfg)

Test Software (TransWin) Testing Kit (F6150) V & I Sources TRIP

Relay

17

Transient Testing: Preventive Study

Dynamic State Testing

18

Results: Sensitivity
Test Cases Test Case-1 Description Initial CT Saturation for 56 Cycles Initial CT Saturation for 2 Cycles CT Saturation for 4-5 Cycles after one cycle Results Operating Time 148ms Operating Time 86.5ms Operating Time 150ms

Test Case-2

Test Case-3

Test Case-4

Dynamic State Testing (PreFault, Fault, Post-Fault)

Operating Time 33.4ms

Summary
Existing Test Practices serves a limited purpose to check setting calibration but Not to Evaluate the relay application performance Dynamic State Testing is easy to conduct & more meaningful testing than steady state testing but, still it is on fundamental frequency so it is difficult to known the transient behavior of relays Relay performance on transient behavior needs to be evaluated to assure the best decision regarding;
Investment Application Practice Relay Performance under critical conditions Resolve problem for relay design issues

Thank You