Communication Systems

(0331411) First semester 2008/2009

Email: ali@eng.alquds.edu

Dr. Ali Jamoos

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Historical Background
1844 The Telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse

1864 James Clerk Maxwell formulated the electromagnetic theory

1875 The Telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell 1887 Heinrich Hertz confirmed the existence of radio waves

1901 Marconi received a radio signal, 1700 miles across the Atlantic
1904 John Ambrose Fleming invented the vacuum-tube diode 1906 John Ambrose Fleming invented the vacuum-tube triode 1918 Edwin Armstrong invented the superheterodyne radio receiver 1928 The Television system was demonstrated by Philo Farnsworth

1933 Edwin Armstrong demonstrated the Frequency Modulation (FM)

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Historical Background
1946 The first computer, ENIAC, was built at Pennsylvania university

1948 The transistor was invented at Bell Laboratories

1958 The first Integrated Circuit (IC) was produced by Robert Noyce 1962 The Telstar satellite, built by Bell Laboratories, was lunched

1971 The first computer network, called the ARPANET, was built
1985 The ARPANET was renamed the Internet 1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was lunched in US 1991 - Global System for Mobile (GSM) was lunched in Europe

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A communication Model

Source - generates data to be transmitted, examples are telephones and computers Transmitter - converts data into transmittable signals Transmission System - carries data from source to destination Receiver - converts received signal into data Destination - takes incoming data 4/17

Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization Addressing

Interfacing
Signal generation Synchronization Exchange management Error detection and correction Flow control

Routing
Recovery Message formatting Security Network management

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Data Communication Model

1. user keys in message m comprising bits g buffered in source PC memory 2. input data is transferred to I/O device (transmitter) as sequence of bits g(t) using voltage shifts 3. transmitter converts these into a signal s(t) suitable for transmission media being used 4. whilst transiting media signal may be impaired so received signal r(t) may differ from s(t) 5. receiver decodes signal recovering g(t) as estimate of original g(t) 6. which is buffered in destination PC memory as bits g being the received message m
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Elements of digital communication systems

Source of Information Source encoder Channel encoder Modulator

Noise and interference (Unwanted signals) User of information Source decoder Channel decoder

Channel

Demodulator

1. The information source generate a message signal 2. The source encoder removes redundant information from the message signal and produce a source code word 3. The channel encoder add some bits for the purpose of error detection and correction and produce the channel code word 4. The modulator represent each symbol of the channel code word by a corresponding analog symbols (resulting in signal waveform) suitable for the transmission through the channel 5. Noise and interfering signals corrupt the transmitted signal in the channel 6. Channel types: guided media (twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic), unguided (wireless) 7. At the receiver, the received signal is processed in reverse order to that in the transmitter so as to recover the message signal 7/17

Cellular telephone system

The cellular mobile telephone system consists of: Mobile Stations (MS), Base Stations (BS) and Mobile Switching Center (MSC), connected to the Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN)

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Satellite Communication system

The information-bearing signal is transmitted from the earth terminal to the satellite via the uplink, amplified by the transponder (electronic circuitry on board the satellite), and then retransmitted from the satellite via the downlink to the other earth terminal

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Computer Networks and the Internet

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OSI Network Model

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Electromagnetic wavelength, frequency and photon energy

The electromagnetic wave at a particular wavelength has an associated frequency f and photon energy E :

c f E hf
where

hc

c 3 10 8 m / s

is the light speed Plancks constant

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h 6.626 10 34 J .s 4.13567 eV / GHz

Operating frequency of various guided and unguided transmission techniques

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Atmospheric Transparency for Electromagnetic waves

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Band
ELF (extremely low frequency)

Frequency range
30 to 300 Hz

Propagation characteristics
Ground Wave (GW) propagation

Typical use
Power line frequencies

VF (voice frequency)

300 to 3000 Hz

GW propagation

Used by the telephone system for analog subscriber lines

Long-range navigation; submarine communication Long-range navigation; marine communication AM broadcasting

VLF (very low frequency)

3 to 30 kHz

GW propagation

LF (low frequency) MF (medium frequency)

30 to 300 kHz 300 to 3000 kHz

GW propagation Sky-Wave (SW) ionospheric propagation SW ionospheric propagation

HF (high frequency)

3 to 30 MHz

international broadcasting, military communication; longdistance aircraft and ship communication

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Band
VHF (very high frequency)

Frequency range
30 to 300 MHz

Propagation characteristics
SW ionospheric and tropospheric propagation; Line-Of-Sight (LOS) Propagation

Typical use
VHF television; FM broadcast AM aircraft communication; Aircraft navigational aids UHF television; cellular telephone; radar; microwave links; personal communications systems Satellite communication; radar; terrestrial microwave links; wireless local loop Experimental; wireless local loop

UHF (ultra high frequency)

300 to 3000 MHz

LOS Propagation

SHF (super high frequency)

3 to 30 GHz

LOS Propagation

EHF (extremely high frequency)

30 to 300 GHz

LOS Propagation

Infrared

300 GHz to 400 THz

LOS Propagation

Infrared LANs; consumer electronic applications

Optical communication

Visible light

400 THz to 900 THz

LOS Propagation

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