Angeles University Foundation

Angeles City

College of Engineering

MASONRY
by Engr. Ma. Cristina V. David

MASONRY
A construction material formed by combining individual masonry units, such as stone and brick, with a binding material: mortar. Mainly used to build walls which is a vertical structural elements, thin in proportion to their length and height and that serve to enclose or divide a space and to support loads from other elements. Types of applications ranging from high rise building to compound walls to water retaining structures.

Historical Landmarks made up of masonry

Pyramids of Egypt The Great Wall of China The Taj Mahal of India Roman and Greek ruins The arches and vaults of Syria

The great cathedrals of Europe

The Roosevelt Dam

Types of Masonry Wall

Based on location Exterior Interior Based on structural requirements Load bearing Non-load bearing Based on method of construction Solid wall or hollow wall Framed wall

Masonry Units
Hollow masonry unit defined as having net cross-sectional area in every plane, parallel to the bearing surface, less than 75% of the gross cross-sectional area in the same plane. (ex. concrete units)

Solid masonry unit has a net crosssectional area in every plane, parallel to the bearing surface, 75% or more of the gross cross-sectional area in the same plane. (ex. clay units)

Clay Bricks and Structural Clay Tile

Clay brick small solid block which is usually rectangular and manufactured using burned clay

Structural clay tile a hollow clay unit which is generally larger than a brick and is developed for use where lightweight masonry is required as in filler panels and partition walls. They are also described as hollow burned clay masonry units with parallel cells or cores.

Three types of clays used in brick manufacturing Surface clays Shales Fire clays Three methods of manufacturing bricks and tiles Stiff-mud process Soft-mud process Dry press process

Different types of bricks according to their uses

Building or common bricks Facing bricks Floor bricks Paving bricks Used bricks (a.k.a. salvage bricks)
Building bricks are manufactured in three grades Grade SW Grade MW Grade NW

Three types of facing bricks based on factors that affect their appearance Types FBS Types FBX Types FBA Properties of bricks and structural clay tile Physical Properties Color Texture Size Density

Engineering or mechanical properties Compressive strength Modulus of rupture Modulus of elasticity Tensile strength Absorption Thermal conductivity Fire resistance

Building Stones and Ceramics

Stones are used mainly for the following purposes: foundation of walls, arches, abutments, dams, etc. construction of roads and floors of buildings coarse aggregate in cement concrete used as facing in building for improved appearance railing ballast Marble is used for the construction of beautiful building, temple, mosque Slate is also used for the construction of roof

Usage: Stone dust, stone sand and gravel are incorporated with the earth, followed by compaction to improve the soil holding capacity before concreting works follow, or as a foundation before construction of columns. Reinforced concrete employ gravel to maximize the strength of cement, following the standard mixture. Road ballast help prevent gradual erosion and wash out.

Usage: Slate used for roofing and flooring Flood control helps control total erosion of houses of properties located near the seashore and river banks. Stones are constructed as blockage of rivers during dry season to bring water to higher elevations for field irrigation and other purposes

Varieties of Building Stones

Building stones are natural rocks used in masonry construction, the most important and the common building stones include granite, limestone (including marble), sandstone and slate.
Some characteristics of Stone and their Tests 1. Strength of stone 2. Absorption and Porosity 3. Durability

Factors affecting the durability of stones:

Chemical Composition Physical characteristics/structure Weathering quality Tests for the durability of stones: Acid test Smiths test Crystallization test 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Specific Gravity and Weight of Stone Compactness of Stone Facility of Dressing Fineness of Grains Weathering Resistance

Causes of weathering: Alternate heating and cooling Alternate wetting and drying Air Rain, surface and ground water Movements of chemicals Growth of vegetation Position of any stone in construction work Frost

Stone Quarrying 1. Methods of Quarrying 2. Digging 3. Splitting by Temperature 4. Splitting by Wedge 5. Blasting Stone Cutting Main Aims of Dressing/Cutting Stones 1. To increase the beauty of stone 2. To make joints between two stones very thin so that expenditure of mortar is reduced 3. Stone piece may be given required shape so that it can be used in arch, coping, etc.

Stages of cutting stones 1. Rough shaping 2. Final shaping Preservation of Stones Merits of Preservatives 1. able to penetrate the stone 2. remain inside the stone after drying 3. not allow moisture to go inside 4. not from a hard surface on the surface stone 5. not spoil the natural color of stone 6. preserve stone 7. cheap and can be applied on stone easily

Types of preservatives
1.Coal Tar and Bitumen 2.Barium Hydrate 3.Silicon R 220 4.Raw linseed oil 5.Boiled linseed oil 6.Solution of soda and potash

Types of Masonry Construction 1.Riprap Masonry 2.Rubble Masonry Types of Rubble Masonry Uncoursed Rubble Masonry Coursed Rubble Masonry 3. Squared-stone Masonry 4. Cut-stone Masonry

Strength of Stone and Stone Masonry 1.The strength per square inch of stones is very much greater than the square inch of masonry built from that kind of stone, on account of the presence of masonry of mortar joints, which are weaker than the stone. 2.Strong stones make stronger masonry 3.The actual strength of stone masonry depends largely on the strength of the mortar used and on the closeness of fit between adjacent stones.

Available Forms of Building Stones 1.Shaped building stones 2.Rough building stones 3.Gravels 4.Stone sand 5.Stone dust

Bricks- a mold of clay sun-baked or kiln-burned in various shapes and sizes and usually about 8 x 4 x 2 Brick Making Process 1.Soft Mud Process 2.Stiff Mud Process 3.Dry Press Process

Steps in Brick Making

1.Preparation of soil 2.Molding of Bricks 3.Drying of Bricks Two ways of drying Bricks Sun drying Artificial drying 4.Burning Stages in the Burning Process Dehydration Oxidation 5. Glazing

Defects in Bricks

1.Over-burning of Bricks 2.Under Burning of Bricks 3.Bloating 4.Black Core 5.Effluorescene 6.Lamination 7.Lime Nodules 8.Chuffs 9.Iron Spots

Different Types of Bricks Reinforced Brickwork Tile Terra Cotta Types of Terra Cotta 1. Hard Terra Cotta 2. Porous Terra Cotta Other Ceramic Materials 1. Sewer Pipe 2. Drain Pipe 3. Porcelain and Stoneware