Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

BAB X DYNAMIC INPUT & ANALYSIS

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

10.1. The Dynamic Capability :

1. Natural Frequency Calculation

2. Harmonic Analysis 3. Response Spectrum Analysis

4. Time History Analysis

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

1. Natural Frequency Calculation

1. Natural Frequency Information can indicate the tendency of the piping system to response the dynamic loads

2. A systems modal natural frequency should not to be close to the equipment operating frequency 3. Higher natural frequency usually cause less trouble than low natural frequency
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

MODAL ANALYSIS
Basic Dynamic Equation

Eigensolver

- Natural Frequency
- Modes of Vibration
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

Sturm Sequence Check used to confirm no mode were skipped

If Sturm Sequence Check is failed, the user may either return to the dynamic input or continue with the spectral analysis
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

2. Harmonic Analysis
1. Fluid pulsating in reciprocating pump line or vibration due to rotating equipment 2. The loads are modeled as concentrated force or displacement at one or more points in the system 3. Harmonic response represent the maximum dynamic amplitude the piping system

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

For each forcing frequency listed in the dynamic input, CAESAR II performs a separate analysis. These analysis are similar to static analysis and take the same amount of time to complete. At the completion of each solution the forcing frequency, its largest calculate deflection, and the phase angle associated with it are listed on the screen. The root results for each frequency, and the system deflection, are saved for further processing.
When all frequencies are analysis, CAESAR II presents the frequencies on the screen and allow the user to select those whose needs for further analysis. This choice can be made after checking deflection at pertinent node for those frequency
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

Selection of Phase Angles

- For all phased harmonic analysis, the user is given the choice of
selecting from 18 separate phase angles solution for each excitation frequency. Each separate phase angle solution represents a point in time during one complete cycle of the system response. - The primary difference between the solution with and without phase angle is when the phase angles are entered, there is no way of knowing beforehand just when the maximum stress, force, and displacement are going to occur during the cycles. - For these reason, the displacements and stresses are often checked for a number of points during the cycles for each excitation frequency.

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

3. Response Spectrum Analysis

1. The response spectrum method allows an impulse type transient event to be characterized by response vs. frequency spectra 2. Each mode of vibrating of the piping system is related to one response on the spectrum

3. The modal are summed together to produce the total system response
4. The stresses for these analysis, summed with the sustained stresses, should be compare to the occasional stress allowable defined by the piping code
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

The spectrum analysis procedure can be broken

down into three tasks : 1. Calculate the systems natural frequencies, mode shapes, and mass participation factors. 2. Using the system frequencies, pull the corresponding response amplitude from the spectrum table, and calculate the system response for each mode of vibration. 3. Combine the modal responses and directional components of the shock. After the natural frequencies are calculated, systems displacement, forces, moments, and stresses are calculate on the modal level and combined
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

4. Time History Analysis

Is used to solve (by numeric integration) the dynamic equation of motion to simulate the system response throughout the load duration It can solve any type of dynamic loading. The modal time history analysis follows steps similar to a spectrum analysis. The modes of vibration of the system are computed, the equation of motion is solved through numerical integration techniques for each mode, at a number of successive time steps, with the modal results being summed, yielding system response at each time steps. The output processor displays one load cases with the maximum loads developed throughout the load application.
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

10.2. Model Modification for Dynamic Analysis

The dynamic technique employ by CAESAR II require strict linearity in the piping and structural system Dynamic response associated with nonlinear effect are not addressed Non-linear problem (ex: slapping and friction problem) must be linearized for use in dynamic analysis
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

If requested, CAESAR II can approximate the friction resistance to movement in the dynamic model by including spring stiffness normal to the restrain line action.
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

10.3. Major Steps in Dynamic Input

Developing dynamic input for CAESAR II comprises four basic steps :
1. Specifying the loads 2. Modifying the mass and stiffness model 3. Setting the parameters that control the analysis

4. Starting and errors checking the analysis

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

10.4. Overview The Dynamic Input Processor

Entering the Dynamic Analysis Input Menu

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

Available Commands During Dynamic Input

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

10.5. Input Overview Based on Analysis Input Processor

Lump Mass

Snubbers

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

Control Parameter

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

Advanced

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

10.6. H a r m o n i c
1. Specifying The Loads
Excitation Frequency

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

Harmonic Forces

Harmonic Displacements

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

2. Modifying Mass and Stiffness Model

Lumped mass and snubbers are modified in the same way as described for modal analysis

3. Control Parameter
These parameter described how the analysis will be conducted. Undamped harmonic analysis may be done by setting damping to 0.0

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

10.7. Earthquake loads

Define by defining one or more response spectra and applying them in a specified direction over part or all of the piping system.
Spectrum Definition Command Describe the type of data in the spectrum - period/frequency vs. force multiplier - period/frequency vs. acceleration - period/frequency vs. velocity or - period/frequency vs. displacement as well as the interpolation method for each axis. Response Spectrum Table Value - can be entered directly - built and store as a file for use by CAESAR II
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

If not read in from a file, the data points for a user enter spectrum may be entered by using the Tools-Spectrum Data Points command, selecting the spectrum name and entering the data

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

1. Spectrum Load Cases

Used to modify the magnitude of the shock Define the orientation of the uniform inertial loading (X,Y,Z)

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

2. Static/Dynamic Combination
Each shock case produce output report listing : - displacements, - forces, - moments, and - stresses
Most piping code combine the occasional dynamic stresses with sustained static stresses It is the sustained plus occasional stress sum that is compared to the occasional allowable stress
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

Static Load Case

Dynamic Load Case

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

3. Modifying Mass and Stiffness Model

Lumped Mass and Snubers are modified in the same way as described for Modal Analysis

4. Control Parameter
These parameter described how the analysis is to be conducted

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

10.8. Relief Loads

1. Specifying Loads
This method is set up to solve a relief valve loading through Force Spectrum Methodology. In other to analyze a piping system for a relief valve loading, its necessary to estimate the force-time profile for the loading This must then be converted to a Force Multiplier (Dynamic Load Factor) spectrum

The applied force then must be applied in conjunction with this spectrum

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

2. Relief Loads Synthesis

If the user does not know the characteristic of the relief valve load, the Relief Load Synthesis Command provided a calculation scratch based upon a model of a relief valve venting steam or liquid to atmosphere . This utility can be used to estimate :

relief valve thrust loads,

exits velocity, and pressure

which can in turn be used to estimate the force vs. time profile of the applied load.
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

3. Pulse Table/ DLF Spectrum Generation

Allow user to convert known Force-Time profile into a Dynamic Load Factor Spectrum in order to solve problem using spectrum methodology. The user must designate a file name to which the DLF spectrum is to be written, as well as the maximum frequency to use, and the number data point to generate.

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

4. Spectrum Definition
Response spectrum table value can be entered directly or built and store as a file for use by CAESAR II such as those generated through the DLF Spectrum Generator

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

5. Force Sets
Forces are grouped into numbered forced sets when :
- these forces occur together, or - need to be manipulated in the analysis together
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

6. Spectrum/Load Cases
The Spectrum Load Cases for force spectrum runs must ling a Force Multiplier spectrum to a force set The Load Case Definition consists of one or more lines on which : - Spectrum - Factor (usually = 1)

- Direction
- Force Set
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

7. Control Parameter
- These parameter described how the analysis is to be conducted - Particular attention should be paid to the modal summation methodology

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

10.9. Water Hammer/ Slug Flow

1. Specifying The Load
This method of solving water hammer or slug problem is the force spectrum method as used for relieve valve loading, except the relieve load synthesizer is not necessary. The user estimates a Force-Time profile, then turns it into a Force Multiplier Spectrum, which is then linked to Force Set in the load cases.

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

This method is set up to solve a relief valve loading through Force Spectrum Methodology.

In other to analyze a piping system for a relief valve loading, its necessary to estimate the force-time profile for the loading This must then be converted to a Force Multiplier (Dynamic Load Factor) spectrum
The applied force then must be applied in conjunction with this spectrum

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

2. Pulse Table/DLF Spectrum Generation

Allow user to convert known Force-Time profile into a Dynamic Load Factor Spectrum in order to solve problem using spectrum methodology.
The user must designate a file name to which the DLF spectrum is to be written, as well as the maximum frequency to use, and the number data point to generate.

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

3. Spectrum Definitions

Response spectrum table value can be entered directly or built and store as a file for use by CAESAR II such as those generated through the DLF Spectrum Generator

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

4. Force Sets

Forces are grouped into numbered forced sets when :

- these forces occur together, or

- need to be manipulated in the analysis together
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

5. Spectrum Load Cases

The Spectrum Load Cases for force spectrum runs must ling a Force Multiplier spectrum to a force set

The Load Case Definition consists of one or more lines on which :

- Spectrum

- Factor (usually = 1)
- Direction - Force Set
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

6. Static/Dynamic Combinations
Each shock case produce output report listing : - displacements, - forces, - moments, and - stresses
- Most piping code combine the occasional dynamic stresses with sustained static stresses - It is the sustained plus occasional stress sum that is compared to the occasional allowable stress
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

Static Load Case

Dynamic Load Case

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

10.10. Time History

1. Specifying The Loads
Loading are specified in term of : - Force-time profile Used to specified the load timing

- Forces sets Used to define the load direction and location Either the force profile and force set can be used to define the magnitude
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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

2. Time History Profile Definition

Time history profile must be given :

- a name - data definition (which must be Force vs. Time) - interpolation method

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

3. Force Sets

Forces are grouped into numbered forced sets when : - these forces occur together, or - need to be manipulated in the analysis together

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Chapter X Dynamic Input and Analysis

4.Control Parameter

These parameter described how the analysis is to be conducted

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