Computer

Basics Of Computers
A Desktop Machine
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Introduction to Computers
A Computer System
Hardware Software User
User
Software
Hardware
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A Computer System (Contd.)

In general, a computer is a machine which accepts data, processes it and returns new information as output.
Processing
Data Information
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Software
Software is set of programs (which are step by step instructions) telling the computer how to process data. Software needs to be installed on a computer, usually from a CD. Softwares can be divided into two groups: - System SW - Application SW
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Software (Contd.)
System Software It controls the overall operation of the system. It is stored in the computer's memory and instructs the computer to load, store, and execute an application.
Examples: Operating System (OS), Translators DOS, Windows, Unix etc.

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Software (Contd..)
Application Software They are Softwares written to perform specific tasks.
The basic types of application software are: word processing, database, spreadsheet, desktop publishing, and communication. Examples: MSOffice, Tally, MSOutlook, ISBS, MODBANKER BANKSOFT
Advantages of Using Computers

Speed: Computers can carry out instructions in less
than a millionth of a second.
Accuracy : Computers can do the calculations without

errors and very accurately.
Diligence : Computers are capable of performing any

task given to them repetitively.
Storage Capacity : Computers can store large

volume of data and information on magnetic media.
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History of Evolution Of Computers

Two Eras:
Mechanical Era (Before 1945) Electronic Era (1945 - )
Can be divided into generations.

First Generation (1945 1954) Second Generation (1955 1964) Third Generation (1965 1974) Fourth Generation (1975 - )
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Evolution of computers
Learn the brief history of evolution of the computer Discuss how the computer technology develops over the next generations
The Early Years

In the early years, before the computer was invented, there were several inventions of counting machine 200BC-Chinese Abacus 500BC-Egyption Abacus 1620-Napiers Bone (John Napier) 1653-Pascaline (Blaise Pascal) 1673-Leibnizs (Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz)
Cont
1801-Weaving loom (Joseph Marie Jacquard) 1823- Mechanical Calculator Machine (Charles Babbage) 1941- Mark 1 (Harvard University)
First generation computers (19401956)

1941-huge, slow, expensive and often unreliable Presper Eckert and William Mauchly bulit the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and computer) It used vacuum tube 1951-Eckert and Mauchly built the UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) Can calculate 10000 Addition per second.
Vacuum tube
In a computer, a vacuum tube which is an electronic tube about the size of light bulbs, was used as the internal computer components. Thousands of them were used. Problems
The vacuum tubes generated a great deal of heat causing many problems in regulation and climate control The tubes also burnt out frequently People operating the computer did not know that the problem was in the programming machine.
Second generation computers (19561963_

The famous computer scientist during the second generation era were : John Bardeer Walter Houser Brattain William Shockley Transistor were smaller than vacuum tubes They needed no warm up time Consumes less energy Generated much less heat Faster and more reliable.
Third generations computer (19641971)

The IBM 370 series were introduced in 1964. It came in several models and sizes. It was used for business and scientific programs. Other computer models introduced were CDC 7600 and B2500 Silicone chips were manucfactured in 1961 at the Silicone Valley Then came the integrated circuit technology which had reduced the size and cost of computers Other than that, the Magnetic Core Memory was replace by a device called the microchip
The Advantages of IC
Silicone chips were reliable, compact and cheaper Sold hardware and software separately which created the software industry. Customer service industry flourised (reservation and credit checks)
Software Technology
More sophisticated Several programs run at the same time Sharing computer resources Support interactive processing
Fourth generation computers (1971Present)

It took only 55 years for the 4 generations to evolve. The growth of the computer industry developed technologies of computer inventions. There are many types of computer models such as: Apple Macintosh Dell IBM Acer
Cont
1971, Intel created the first microprocessor. 1976, Steve Jobs built the first Apple computer. Then, in 1981, IBM introduces its first personal computer. During the fourth generations hardware technology such as silicone chips, microprocessor and storage devices were invented. A microprocessor specialized chip which is developed for computer memory and logic.
Cont
The microprocessor is a large scale integrated circuit which contained thousands of transistor The transistor on this chip are capable of performing all of the function of a computers central processing unit.
Advantages
Computers became 100 times smaller than ENIAC Gain in speed, reliability and storage capacity Personal and software industry boomed
Fifth generation computers (Present & Beyond)

Are technologies more advance and still being developed so that it is more efficient The fifth generation computers are such as : Silicone chips Processor Robotics Virtual reality Intelligent systems Programs which translate languages
New Era computers

The technology of computers are more advance, sophisticated and modern The latest invention of the new era are : Supercomputers Mainframe computers Mini computers Personal computer Mobile computer
Types of Computers
On the basis of Computing Power & Size:
Laptop / Palmtop Micro Computer / Desktop Mini Computer / Mainframe Super Computer
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TYPES OF COMPUTER
Types of computer
Type of computer
Digital computer
Analog computer
Hybrid Computer
Micro Computer
Main frame Computer
Super Computer
Mini Computer
Home
PC
Analog computer
Analog computer measures and answer the questions by the method of HOW MUCH. The input data is not a number infect a physical quantity like tem, pressure, speed, velocity. Signals are continuous of (0 to 10 V) Accuracy 1% Approximately High speed Output is continuous Time is wasted in transmission time
Analog computer
Digital Computers
Digital computer counts and answer the questions by the method of HOW Many. The input data is represented by a number. These are used for the logical and arithmetic operations. Signals are two level of (0 V or 5 V) Accuracy unlimited low speed sequential as well as parallel processing Output is continuous but obtain when computation is completed.
Micro Computer
Micro computer are the smallest computer system. There size range from calculator to desktop size. Its CPU is microprocessor. It also known as Grand child Computer. Application : - personal computer, Multi user system, offices.
Mini Computer
These are also small general purpose system. They are generally more powerful and most useful as compared to micro computer. Mini computer are also known as mid range computer or Child computer. Application :- Departmental systems, Network Servers, work group system.
Desktop Microcomputer
A microcomputer that fits on a desk and runs on power from an electrical wall outlet. The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or a horizontal case. Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) that are each plugged into the computer.
M. Guymon
Pleasant Grove High School Spring 2003
Mini computer
Main Frame Computer

Mainframe computers are those computers that offer faster processing and grater storage area. The word main frame comes from the metal frames. It is also known as Father computer. Application Host computer, Central data base server.
Main Frame Computer

Large expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users. Used to store, manage, and process large amounts of data that need to be reliable, secure, and centralized. Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet.
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Super Computer
Super computer are those computer which are designed for scientific job like whether forecasting and artificial intelligence etc. They are fastest and expensive. A super computer contains a number of CPU which operate in parallel to make it faster. It also known as grand father computer. Application whether forecasting, weapons research and development.
Super computer
Hybrid Computer
The combination of features of analog and digital computer is called Digital computer. The main example are central national defense and passenger flight radar system. They are also used to control robots.
Classification of Digital computer

Desktop Workstation Notebook Tablet PC Handheld computer Smart Phone
workstation
Tablet PC
Handheld PC(PDA)
Smart phone
Server
Purpose is to serve. A computer that has the purpose of supplying its users with data; usually through the use of a LAN (local area network).
M. Guymon
Pleasant Grove High School Spring 2003
Language of Computers
Computers only understand the electronic signals. Either Current is flowing or not. Current Flowing : ON Current Not Flowing : OFF Binary Language ON : 1 OFF : 0
Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB

Computer Network
A Computer Network is interconnection of Computers to share resources. Resources can be : Information, Load, Devices etc.
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Types Of Computer Networks

On the basis of Size: Local Area Network (LAN)
Its a network of the computers locally i.e. in one room, one building.
Wide Area Network (WAN) Its a network of the computers spread widely geographically.
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Benefits of Computer Networks

Information Sharing Device Sharing Load Sharing Mobility Fast Communication Anywhere Anytime Banking
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Internet
Internet is a huge network of computer networks. Internet provides many services: Email World Wide Web (www) Remote Login (Telnet) File Transfer (FTP)
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CPU ( Central Processing Unit)

The central processing unit (CPU), also known as just a "processor, is the "brain" of your computer.
It contains various electronic circuits.
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VDU (Monitor)
This is the television-like screen where the results of a computer's tasks are displayed. Monitors come in all sizes, but most commonly they are either 15 or 17 inches (measured diagonally from one corner of the screen to the opposite corner).
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Keyboard
The keyboard looks like a typewriter. It contains all the letters of the alphabet, numbers and some special symbols. It operates like a typewriter keypad, but instead of moving an arm, which strikes the paper, it sends an electronic impulse to the computer, which displays a character on the monitor.
Mouse
Its
a device that is used to control the computer. A cable connects the mouse to the computer.
When the mouse is moved on a pad, called a mouse pad, the cursor on the screen moves. A cursor is a small symbol displayed on the computer screen (normally a diagonal arrow that is used as a pointer) that shows you what the mouse is referencing on the screen.
Printer
A printer is designed to output information from a computer onto a piece of paper.
There are three kinds of printers: dot matrix, laser, and inkjet.
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Scanner
A scanner is a device used to copy an image off paper and convert it into a digital image, which can be saved as a computer file and stored on a hard drive. Scanners can also use a special kind of technology called Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to read text from paper and save it as an editable document file
Inside The CPU Cabinet
What these components do.

Power Supply (heart) supplies power to all the circuitry and devices. Motherboard (body) acts as a manager for everything on the computer connects all the other components together. CPU Central Processing Unit (brain) this does all the work of computing.
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What these components do.. RAM Random Access Memory (short-term memory) holds data and program instructions that the computer is currently using. Hard Drive (long-term memory) holds all of the information that needs to be stored between uses of the computer. Floppy and CD-ROM drives (mouth/ears) allow you to give data to the computer and take data away from the computer.
What these components do

Card Slots (fingers) Allows other components to be added to the computer. Video card (face) Does all of the processing necessary to get stuff looking nice on screen, quickly. Sound card (vocal cords) Allows sounds from HD or CD-ROM to be played. Network Card (telephone) allows computer to talk to other computers over a wire.
Motherbo ard
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CPU A Single Chip

CU
ALU
Memory Registers
Examples: Intel Family Pentium 4, 3, 2, Pentium, XEON, Itanium AMD -- Athlon, K62 IBM -- Cyrix Motorola -- 68000 Series
RAM
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Hard Drive
We wont remove this.
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Floppy Drive
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CD-ROM Drive
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Ribbon Cables
polarized
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Video Card
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Sound Card
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Back of Computer
Remove these screws
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CPU The central processing unit or (CPU) is the "brain" of your computer. It contains the electronic circuits that cause the computer to follow instructions from memory.
The CPU contains three main parts, all housed in a single package (Chip):
Control Unit (CU) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Memory

10/4/2013 Introduction to Computers
BACK
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Computer Peripherals
Major Peripherals
Keyboard Mouse Hard Disk Floppy Disk CD ROM Printer Scanner Joystick
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Keyboard
Keypad contains:
Alphabets Numbers Special Symbols Function Keys

qwert Keyboard (Typewriter Keyboard). On key press it sends a code (ASCII Code) to the CPU. Plug N Play device. Typical Cost is Rs.300 Rs.1200
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Mouse
Pointing & Click Device.
Two / Three Buttons

Wheel / Optical Mouse Normally Left Click Select/ Run Right Click Popup Menu Typical Cost is Rs.100 Rs1000
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Hard Disk Magnetic Memory Device.
Non-removable storage device.

Several Circular Magnetic Disks are housed in a single case. Data is stored as 1s & 0s. Typical Capacity is 20 GB -80 GB
Typical Cost is Rs.2200 Rs6000

Cost/Bit is Low.
Floppy Disk
Magnetic Memory Device. Removable storage. A single circular mylar plastic disk, coated with magnetic material is packed in a protective plastic casing. Typical size is 3.5 & Capacity is 1.44MB Typical Costs are:
Floppy Drive -- Rs.300 Floppy Disk -- Rs.10
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CD ROM
Optical Device.
Removable Storage. Read Only Memory.
Typical Capacity is 550 Mb 800MB

Typical Costs are:
Drive
Related Terms:
-- Rs.1000
Disk Rs10 Rs.35

CD Writer WORM CD RW
Printer
Output Device, Produces Hard Copy Types: Dot Matrix Inkjet Laser Typical Cost Ranges from Rs.3500 Rs.2 lacs Related Terms: Impact Non Impact Ribbon, Cartridge, Toner, Duty Cycle Major Vendors in India: HP, Cannon, Samsung, TVS, Epson etc.
Scanner
Input Device, Converts a hard copy into a computer file. Used to Scan Signatures, Photographs etc. Optical Device. Typical Cost Rs.4000 Rs.75000 Major Vendors in India: HP, Umax, Cannon Nowadays Scanners with OCR produces editable documents.
Session - 4
Overview of Operating System
What is Operating System
OS is system software, which may be viewed as collection of software consisting of procedures for operating the computer.
It provides an environment for execution of programs (application software).
Its an interface between user & computer.
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Computer Machine (Hardware)

Machine Language (Low Level Language)
Operating System
Human Understandable Language (High Level Language)
User / Programmer
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A Second Classification
This Classification is based on the type of interface Operating System provides for the user to work in. Character User Interface (CUI)
The User has to type the commands on the command prompt to get the work completed. Ex. DOS, UNIX.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)

The User need not type any commands. He/She just point and clicks on the desired Icon to get the work done. Ex. Windows (9X, XP, NT, 2000), Linux.
Functions of OS
File Management
Memory Management
Process Management
Device Management
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Types of Processing
Serial Processing
The job is processed at the time when it is submitted.
Batch Processing
The similar jobs are bunched together and are kept for processing at an later time.
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MS-DOS Overview
MS-DOS is an acronym for MicroSoft Disk Operating System It is a CUI based operating system. It provides user with a command prompt (generally called as C:\) where various command could be typed. When one operates in the DOS environment, one interacts with the command interpreter, which interprets the commands given by user. It provides an environment for execution of various application programs like MS-Word, MODBANKER, ISBS etc.
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What is Command
It is a string of characters which tells the computer what to do. When one types commands to a computer, one is conversing with the operating system's command interpreter.
For example, to copy a file called file.txt from the 3-1/2" floppy drive to the hard drive, one could type
C:\> copy a:\file.txt c:\ The word "copy" is a DOS command which causes files to be copied from one location to another
Entering the DOS Environment

If the OS is DOS then the system will directly show prompt (C:\>) If the OS is windows one must either terminate the Windows environment, or open a DOS shell within the Windows environment. Ist Method: Terminating Windows Environment Select Restart in MS-DOS Mode from Shut Down in Menu. IInd Method: Opening DOS Shell in Windows Select Start>Programs>Accessories>Command Prompt (XP) Start>Programs>Accessories>MS-DOS Prompt (98) Start
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Files and Directory

Files
A file is a collection of Records. It is the smallest unit of File System (Storage) in a computer. Any document created using computer is a file. This document could either be a letter, any excel sheet, any image or even a database.
Directory
A collection of files is directory (in DOS) or folder (in Windows) It is analogous to the Office Folder which contains various documents. A directory/folder eases the management of related files/ documents, like the various circulars related to personnel could be placed in a directory called personnel and all the circulars related to loans could be placed in a directory called loans.
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Filenames in DOS?
The filename in DOS have the following format. <name>.<ext>

It has two parts the name and the extension. The name could be of 8 characters and the extension of 3 characters.
The filename can contain alphabets and numbers. It cannot contain any special character other than underscore (_) and also no spaces.
Organization of files in DOS
The DOS file system is a hierarchical file system. Files are collected into directories, and directories may contain
both files and other directories.
There is always a directory which is not contained by any other,

called the root which is represented by the backslash '\' character.
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Organization of files in DOS (Contd.)
Concept of Path: Every file can be specified by enumerating

all of the directories between the root and it, separated by the backslash '\' character, and appending the file name to the end.
The drive which contains the root is specified at the head of the
path, separated from the root by a colon (':')
The hard drive is most commonly known as the C: drive, and

the floppy drives are usually called A:(3-1/2 inch) and B: (51/4 inch).
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Organization of files in DOS (Contd.)
circulars
loans
personnel
officer.txt
new.dat
january
retire.txt
february
Fig. Hierarchical Structure of Files

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rest.txt
abc.txt
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Some DOS Commands

dir: Listing of all the directories. C:\> dir cls: Clears the screen. C:\> cls copy con: Creates a file. C:\> copy con <filename> < Write your Contents Here> Press Ctrl-Z (^Z) to finish writing. Ex: C:\> copy con test.dat Lets Make UCO a top class Bank. Ctrl-Z (^Z) 1 file(s) copied. (A Message will be shown on the system) This will create a file named test.dat having some data.
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Some DOS Commands (Contd.)

edit: Edits a file. C:\> edit <filename> This will open a editor window where the contents of file can be seen. These contents could also be edited here and on saving, the contents of file will change.
type: Displays the content of a file.

C:\> type <filename> This will display the contents of file on the computer. The contents of file could only be viewed but could not be changed, as in the case of edit.
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md: Make Directory.
C:\> md (directory name> This will create a directory with the specified name.
cd: Change Directory.

C:\> cd (directory name> This will change the directory from current directory to the specified directory.
rd: Remove Directory.

C:\> rd (directory name> If the directory is needed to be removed permanently from the computer, use this command. For this command to be executed it is necessary that the directory should be empty and user should be on a directory above it. 10/4/2013 Introduction to Computers 97

copy: Copies a file. C:\> copy <source> <destination> This will copy the file from the source location to the specified destination. The command creates a copy of the file on the destination i.e. the file would be found on both the location.
move: Moves a file.

C:\> move <source> <destination> This will move the file from the source location to the specified destination. The file from the source location would be removed and would be moved to the destination.
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ren: Renames a file. C:\> ren <old filename> <new filename> This will change the name (rename) of the file to a new name as specified. del: Deletes a file. C:\> del <filename> This will delete the file permanently from the system.
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Overview of Windows
Windows is an GUI based operating system. It is also developed by Microsoft Corporation, which is headed by Mr. Bill Gates. Over the years the Microsoft have evolved various versions of Windows. Win95, Win98, Win2000, Win ME, Win NT, Win XP. It gives user a handy environment where he doesnt have to remember and learn the syntaxes of various commands as is the case in DOS. The user can just point and click on the Icons provided to him on the screen. 10/4/2013 Introduction to Computers 100
Folders and Documents

Folders are a way to organize your documents within drives in Windows as are the directories in DOS. A document is each thing that you create on a computer. A document can be made using any type of software.
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Beyond the Computer Basics

Working with applications, files and folders
Last Updated:
Lesson Plan
Lesson 1 Applications (Programs)

Description and examples Where to find them Exercises
Lesson 2 Saving/Organizing Files

Creating Folders Storage devices Moving and organizing files
Lesson 3 Editing, saving, deleting

Editing, saving, printing Deleting files and the Recycle Bin
Lesson 1: Applications
Applications (programs) Allow you to create, view and edit files. Different applications create different kinds of files. Application Word Type of File Documents (e.g. letter, resume)
Excel PowerPoint
Photoshop
Spreadsheets (e.g. calculating monthly expenses) Presentations (like this one)

Pictures
Lesson 1: Applications
Exercise 1: Using Word to Create a File

1. Launch the Microsoft Word application. 2. Start Typing My name is 3. From the Menu bar, click on File and then Save as 4. In the Save in box, click the small arrow & choose Desktop 5. In the file name box, erase the suggested file name and type your name. 6. Click the Save button. 7. Close MS Word. 8. Find your file on the desktop
Lesson 2: Storing and Organizing Files
Lesson 2 Storing and Organizing Files

Folders Introducing storage devices Finding your files
PDF File Folder Word File
Image File
Exercise 2: Creating Folders

1. 2. 3. 4. Right click on a blue part of the desktop (away from icons) Select New from the menu and then Folder Find your New Folder on the desktop Right click on your folder, select Rename and the type in a new name (e.g. your name) 5. Drag your word file into your folder 6. Double click on your folder to see the file inside
Storage Devices
Hard Drive CD / DVD
Floppy Disc
Memory stick, USB Key, Thumb Drive
CD/DVD Drive Floppy Drive Hard Drive
(inside)
USB Ports
How to See the Files on Your Computers Storage Devices
Double Click
Exercise 3: Copying a File

1. Insert a portable storage device (CD or Floppy Disc) 2. Double click on the My Computer desktop icon 3. In the My Computer window, double click on the appropriate storage device 4. Click on Edit and then Copy (or right click and Copy) 5. Use the drop-down menu (to the right of the address box) to navigate to the desktop 6. Double click on your folder 7. Click on Edit and then Paste (or right click and Paste)
Now follow these steps again on your own to copy one more file from the CD/Floppy disc to your folder on the desktop
Lesson 3: Editing, Saving and Deleting Files
Lesson 3 Editing, Saving and Deleting Files

Editing and Saving Files Deleting Files The Recycle Bin
Exercise 4: Accessing and Editing a Saved File

1. Double click My Computer icon from the desktop. 2. Navigate to the storage device where the file was saved. 3. Double click the file to open it. 4. The file will open in the application which was used to create it (e.g. Microsoft Word). 5. Edit the file (i.e. change something) 6. Save the file 7. Close the Word application (Either using the File menu to Exit or by clicking on the X at the top of the window.
Why Delete Files?

All saved files and documents take up storage space. Deleting documents is an efficient way of managing files that are no longer needed.
Freed storage space may make your computer work more efficiently.
Exercise 5: Deleting a File

1. Double click the My Computer icon from the desktop. 2. Navigate to the appropriate storage device. 3. Single click the file with your name to highlight it. 4. From the menu bar, choose File > Delete. 5. A Confirm File Delete dialog box will appear. Choose Yes. 6. The file will be sent to the Recycle Bin.
What is the Recycle Bin?

Its a lot like a real trash can or recycling bin. If you throw something in it by mistake, you can always retrieve it again. This is called restoring the deleted file.
Exercise 6: Restoring a Deleted File

1. 2. 3. 4. Double click on the recycle bin icon on the desktop Double click on the file you wish to restore In the box that pops up, click on the Restore button Check that the file is back where it was before you deleted it.

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Basics Of Computers

A Computer System (Contd.)

Examples: Operating System (OS), Translators DOS, Windows, Unix etc.

Advantages of Using Computers

Accuracy : Computers can do the calculations without

Diligence : Computers are capable of performing any

Storage Capacity : Computers can store large

History of Evolution Of Computers

Can be divided into generations.

The Early Years

First generation computers (19401956)

Second generation computers (19561963_

Third generations computer (19641971)

Fourth generation computers (1971Present)

Fifth generation computers (Present & Beyond)

New Era computers

Main frame Computer

Main Frame Computer

Main Frame Computer

Classification of Digital computer

Pleasant Grove High School Spring 2003

Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB

Types Of Computer Networks

Benefits of Computer Networks

CPU ( Central Processing Unit)

Inside The CPU Cabinet

What these components do.

What these components do

CPU A Single Chip

Remove these screws

Control Unit (CU) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Memory

Alphabets Numbers Special Symbols Function Keys

Two / Three Buttons

Hard Disk Magnetic Memory Device.

Non-removable storage device.

Typical Cost is Rs.2200 Rs6000

Floppy Drive -- Rs.300 Floppy Disk -- Rs.10

Typical Capacity is 550 Mb 800MB

Disk Rs10 Rs.35

Overview of Operating System

What is Operating System

Its an interface between user & computer.

Computer Machine (Hardware)

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Entering the DOS Environment

Files and Directory

The filename in DOS have the following format. <name>.<ext>

Organization of files in DOS

There is always a directory which is not contained by any other,

Organization of files in DOS (Contd.)

Concept of Path: Every file can be specified by enumerating

The hard drive is most commonly known as the C: drive, and

Organization of files in DOS (Contd.)

Fig. Hierarchical Structure of Files

Some DOS Commands

Some DOS Commands (Contd.)

type: Displays the content of a file.

Some DOS Commands (Contd.)

cd: Change Directory.

rd: Remove Directory.

Some DOS Commands (Contd.)

move: Moves a file.

Some DOS Commands (Contd.)