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Chapter 26

Vibrations through a medium

26.1 The Origin of Sound


All sounds are produced by the vibrations of material (physical) objects. For EXAMPLE : Sounds produces by a vibrating string : . Violin, guitar, piano, lute, dulcimer, harp Sounds produced by a vibrating reed . Clarinet, oboe, saxophone Sounds produced by a fluttering column of air : . Flute, organ pipes Sounds produced by percussive hammering : . Drums

26.1 The Origin of Sound


PITCH = The impression about the frequency of a
. Sound high pitched high frequency (ex: piccolo) low pitched low frequency (ex: fog horn)

The frequency range for normal human hearing is . between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz . (for younger people, older people lose the higher frequencies) Infrasonic or subsonic = Sounds below 20 Hz Ultrasonic = frequencies above 20,000 Hz

26.2

Sound in Air

Compression waves travel through air or along springs.

These waves travel with areas of compression and rarefaction


The medium does not travel from one place to another, but the pulse that travels.

26.3

Media That Transmit Sound

Any matter will transmit sound, whether it is a solid, liquid or a gas.

However; sound cannot travel through a vacuum. No Sound

DING

VACUUM

26.4

Speed of Sound

The speed of sound in dry air at 00 C is about 330 m/sec. (1200 km / hr) [or ~ .000,001 x the speed of light of 300,000 km / sec] For each degree above 0oC the speed of sound increases by 0.60 m/sec. So air at room temperature (~20oC) is ~340 m/sec. QUESTION : . How far away was the strike if there is a 3 second delay between the lightning flash and the sound of the thunder? 340 m/sec x 3 sec = 1020 m, over 1 km (~2/3 mile) away

26.4

Speed of Sound

The speed of sound in a material does NOT depend on its density (mass per unit volume [g/cm3 ]). The speed of sound in a material DOES depend on the elasticity of a material. Elasticity = the ability of a material to change shape in response to an applied force, then resume its original shape when the force is removed.

Steel is elastic, putty is inelastic.


Sound travels 15 times faster in steel than in air and about 4 times faster in water than in air.

26.5

LOUDNESS
AMPLITUDE

The intensity of a sound is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the sound wave. (i = ka2) Loudness is measured in decibels (dB)

VIBRATING LOUDSPEAKER

MICROPHONE

OSCILLOSCOPE

10

100

1000

The decibel scale is logarithmic, increasing by factors of 10

26.5

LOUDNESS

TABLE of Loudness Levels SOURCE OF SOUND LEVEL (dB) Jet Engine (from 30 m) 140 Threshold of pain 120 Loud rock music 115 Old subway train 100 Average factory 90 Busy street traffic 70 Normal speech (not freshman physics students !) 60 (Shshshshhh!) A library 40 Close Whisper 20 Normal breathing 10 Hearing threshold 0

26.6

Forced Vibration
STRINGS

Sounding boards are used to augment (increase) the volume (amplitude) of a vibrating object (like a string).

SOUNDING BOARD

26.7

Natural Frequency

Everything vibrates, from planets and stars to atoms and almost everything in between. A NATURAL FREQUENCY is one at which minimum energy is required to produce forced vibrations and also requires the least amount of energy to continue this vibration

26.8

Resonance

Resonance when the frequency of a forced vibration on an object matches the objects natural frequency, a dramatic increase in amplitude of the vibrations occurs.

For example, a swing, or the hollow box parts of musical instruments are designed to work best with resonance. In order to resonate, an object must be elastic enough to return to its original position and have enough force applied to keep it moving (vibrating)

26.9

Interference

Sound waves interfere with each other in the same way as all waves. Constructive interference - augmentation

Destructive interference - cancellation

26.10

Beats

BEATS - A periodic variation in the loudness of sound. . (faint then loud, faint then loud and so on ) What is the frequency when a 262 Hz and a 266 Hz tuning fork are sounded together ? A 262 Hz and a 272 Hz ?

The 262 Hz and 266 Hz forks will produce 4 beats per sec. and the tone heard will be halfway between at 264 Hz as the ear averages the frequencies.

SOUND
The End

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