Networking and Interconnection

Presented by -: Pratishtha Agrawal Karunesh Sharma

Introduction A network is a group of computers that can communicate with each other so they can share information When computers can communicate with each other they can share resources

Types of networks
Classification based on geographical area
LAN MAN WAN

Local Area Networks

Limited geographic area High speed and error free data transmission Not expensive

Metropolitan Area Networks

MAN is a type of data network designed for a town or city In terms of geographic breadth> LAN < WAN MANs are usually characterized by very high speed connections.

Wide Area Networks

Connects computers over states, countries etc., Unlimited geographical coverage More sophisticated Connects LANs and MANs Expensive technology

Applications of Networks
Resource Sharing Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers) Software (application software)
Information Sharing Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases) Search Capability (WWW) Communication Email Message broadcast Remote computing

Networking Components
A hub is a multiport repeater that retransmits a signal on all ports
Operates at Layer 1 of the OSI model Can connect segments or a network Cannot segment a network

Networking Components
A bridge can connect two different types of topologies
Moves data more rapidly Takes longer to transmit because it analyzes each packet

Networking Components
Switches operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model
Determines from a physical address (MAC address) which device a packet is intended for and switches it out toward that device

Networking Components
Routers operate at the Network layer of the OSI model
Forwards information to its destination on the network or the Internet Routers maintain tables that are checked each time a packet needs to be redirected from one interface to another

Network Topology
The network topology defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected. A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions.

Bus Topology
Commonly referred to as a linear bus, all the devices on a bus topology are connected by one single cable.

Star & Tree Topology

The star topology is the most commonly used architecture in Ethernet LANs. When installed, the star topology resembles spokes in a bicycle wheel.

Larger networks use the extended star topology also called tree topology. When used with network devices that filter frames or packets, like bridges, switches, and routers, this topology significantly reduces the traffic on the wires by sending packets only to the wires of the destination host.

Mesh Topology
The mesh topology connects all devices (nodes) to each other for redundancy and fault tolerance.

It is used in WANs to interconnect LANs and for mission critical networks like those used by banks and financial institutions.
Implementing the mesh topology is expensive and difficult.

Ring Topology
A frame travels around the ring, stopping at each node. If a node wants to transmit data, it adds the data as well as the destination address to the frame.

The frame then continues around the ring until it finds the destination node, which takes the data out of the frame.
Single ring All the devices on the network share a single cable Dual ring The dual ring topology allows data to be sent in both directions.

The OSI Model

An architecture that allows the devices of different manufacturers to work together to communicate with different operating systems This architecture determines how hardware, software, topologies and protocols exist on the network and how they operate

The OSI Model

Physical layer
Defines mechanical, functional, procedural and electrical aspects of networking - Includes connectors, circuits, voltage levels and grounding

Data Link layer

Converts data from upper layers into logical packages or frames Converts logical frames into raw bits that are transmitted by the Physical layer

The OSI Model

Network layer
Provides connectivity and path selection between two systems routing and addressing layer

Transport layer
Provides a virtual end-to-end connection so that data transferred between two hosts will arrive without errors and in the correct order

The OSI Model

Session layer
Allows two applications on different computers to establish dialog control Regulates which side transmits Determines the time and length of the transmission

Presentation layer
Translates data from the Application layer into an intermediary format Provides services such as data encryption, and compresses data

The OSI Model

Application layer
Provides application programs access to print and file services to ensure that effective communication with other application programs is possible

Networking Media
Networking media can be defined simply as the means by which signals (data) are sent from one computer to another (either by cable or wireless means).

Cables
Transmit signals through network Different cable considerations according to need Types
Co-axial Twisted Pair Fiber-optic

Co-axial cable
Most trusted in earlier networks Carries data as electromagnetic signals Good resistance against interference

Twisted pair
Pair of insulated copper wires Types
Shielded(STP) Unshielded(UTP)

UTP common in LAN Max. cable length 100 meters

Fiber optic cables

Core cylinder of glass Not subject to interference Transfer rate more than 100 mbps Expensive

Advantages
File sharing Resource sharing Increased storage capacity Increased cost efficiency

Disadvantages
Security issues Rapid spread of computer viruses Expensive set up Dependency on the main file