SEMINAR ON

PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINE USING GPS

SUBMITTED BY: S. JASHUVA KIRAN 1691210067

INTRODUCTION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FAULT LOCATION TRAVELLING WAVE FAULT THEORY FAULT LOCATION USING GPS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES CONCLUSION

A new technique for the protection of transmission systems. Relays are installed at each bus bar in a transmission network.

Relay contains a fault detection system together with a GPS communication unit
GPS determine the location of the fault.

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

FAULTS
A fault is any abnormal flow of electric current

Possible causes of faults

> Lightning strikes near line >Snow storms/icing on lines (can
cause lines to sag) >High winds >Bird or other animal contact >Conductor clash

LOCATION OF FAULT

HELPS TO.

Save time and resources for the electric utility industry.

Determine distance to fault from a transmission line end.

Aid in fast restoration of power.

Communication systems can

retrieve fault location information.

WHAT IS TRAVELING WAVE FAULT LOCATION?

system cause transients that propagate along the transmission line as waves. >These waves have a propagation velocity & characteristic impedance , travel from fault location towards line ends >The location of faults is accomplished by precisely time-tagging wave fronts as they cross a known point typically in substations at line ends. >Fault location can then be obtained by multiplying the wave velocity by the time difference in line ends.

> Faults on the power transmission

TRAVELING WAVE FAULT LOCATION THEORY

Traveling wave fault locators make use of the transient signals generated by the fault. Unlike other fault location systems, the traveling wave fault locator is unaffected by load conditions. Precisely synchronized clocks are the key element in the implementation of this fault location technique. The required level of clock accuracy has only recently been available at reasonable cost with the introduction of the Global Positioning System.

Fault location is determined by accurately time tagging the arrival of the travelling wave at each end of the line and comparing the time difference to the total propagation time. Precisely synchronized clocks are the key element in the implementation of this fault location technique. The propagation velocity of the traveling wave is roughly 300 meters per microsecond which in turn requires the clocks to be synchronized with respect to each other by less than one microsecond.

Travelling Voltage And Current Wave

e i L (1) x t i e C (2) x t

Where L and C are the inductance and capacitance of the line per unit length.

x = {l c( a b )}/2
X is the distance to the fault from a substation,a and b represent the travel time from the fault to the discontinuity, l is the length of the line, c is the wave velocity

L1=(Tp -T) Vp , L2 =(Tp+T) Vp 2 2

Tp is the total wave propagation time between adjacent stations when there is no fault, T1 is the time at which the electricity transmitted from the station 1, T2 is the time at which the electricity received by the station 2, T=T2-T1 ,Vp is the velocity of propagation

WHAT IS GPS?
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellitebased navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit. 2D & 3D positioning is possible

Allows precise determination of location, velocity, direction and time.

Originally intended for military applications

HOW GPS WORKS...?

GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day .

Transmit signal information to earth.

Receivers take this information and calculate the user's exact location.

Accurate 3-D location require four satellites. GPS satellites transmit two low power radio signals.

OPERATION OF THE FAULT LOCATION SYSTEM (FLS) USING GPS A fault locator remote is coupled to each end of line CPT. FL is synchronized to the common timing standard of UTC from GPS. Fault resulting produces travelling waves(transients). The FL remote time tag the transient arrival times.

CONTD

By knowing the line length L and the time-of arrival difference (tb - ta ) distance X can be calculated from the FL equation:
X=[L-C( tb - ta )]/2 ta & tb are end A and end B arrival time c-velocity of light

HOW ACCURATE IS GPS?

Today's GPS receivers are extremely accurate.

GPS receivers are accurate to within 15 meters on average.

Newer GPS receivers with WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) capability can improve accuracy to less than three meters on average. Users can also get better accuracy with Differential GPS (DGPS),which corrects GPS signals to within an average of three to five meters.

ADVANTAGES
Protection of transmission line using GPS is extremely accurate. Economical. Fast response.
Reliability & availability

DISADVANTAGES
GPS SIGNAL ERRORS o Ionosphere and troposphere delays. o Receiver clock errors.

Distortion in travelling wave causes fault location error. Climate depended

CONCLUSION
Uses a dedicated fault detector to extract transient signal and GPS system to time tag these signals. Travelling time of the transient signal from the point of fault to the adjacent substation is used to determine the fault position. Proposed technique is able to offer a high accuracy in fault location.

Unlike traditional protection schemes , this technique offers a new concept in network protection.

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