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Culture
A view from Romania
Valentina Marinescu
University of Bucharest-Romania
Legal framework
• Indirect” regulations
– Law for prevention and fighting against human trafficking and prostitution
– On children's rights - in line with international regulations
• Media laws
– European (EU Directive of Television without frontiers) and local ones
– Law of Broadcasting/1992 - programs including pornography and unjustified violence
are forbidden
– There is no Romanian law dedicated to written press activity
Media Consumers
76,1 82,6
71
53,1
51,8
46,9
29 48,2
23,9
17,4
Do you feel yourself aggressed by the pornographic press? Do you consider that
this type of m edia has to be forbidden?
56%
17% 18%
9%
They do not disturb They do not disturb It is unacceptable to They are imoral and
me. I consider them me as titles but I do see the at the news damaging for our
normal not like to see their stalls society
indecent covers
131
46
29 26
11 8 6
It is explicite It is vulgar It is of a poor quality/It It carries negative It leads to an It has no message/It Drawing/Emoticon
is tastelessness emotions and attitudes anormal/devious can not be interpreted
behavior
Analysis of the results
(Continued)
105
61
48
17 15
4
1
It is artistic It is suggestiv e (It It is not v ulgar/It is It carries positiv e It has its own v alue It carries an ideea, Drawing/Emoticon
is not explicite) decent attitudes and a message
emotions
Analysis of the results
(Continued)
The number and gender of the actors
A single man 1 6
A single w oman 40 78
Individual in general 46 84
34 18 28
The unclear presentation of the naked body
5 3 9
Head a nd shoulders
3 1 5
The unclea r presenta tion of the na ked body
Partial undress 2 93
Provocative clothing 3 53
Complete nudity 5 20 15
Undress 255 25 35
No explicit chararcter-Normal 48 50 66
character
Partial undress 3 66
Provocative clothing 1 39
Complete nudity 1 10 3
Undress 2 1 8
Provocative dressing 17 16 24
No explicit chararcter-Normal 56 85 63
character
Love 4
Sexuality 23 186
Other type 14 14 10
Politics 3 7 2
Economy 1 4
Social 10 7 7
Cultural-educa tive 11 9 6
Love 3 5 5
The type of subject in the article's photo (It is numbered per article)
Content Analysis
Other type 23 20 15
Politics 2 2 6
Economy 1 4 1
Social 9 5 5
Cultural-educative 8 3 8
Love 2 14 23
Violent ones 14 1
Of equality 20 17
To be in control/to domina te 9 3 3
Submission 4 2
Non-mutua l se x 1
Ex plicite se x ua l be ha viour 11 23 28
The objectivization related to man in the photo (It is numbered per person)
Content Analysis
To be in control/to domina te 10 5 7
Submission 1 4 3
Inequality of status 3
Non-mutua l sex
The open answers at the questionnaire The articles from the newspaper
(Libertatea)
Sexy image
The first movie with new breast
18 Mach 2009 | Article signed by C Radu Munteanu
•It does not present all the details of the body and let the
room to imagination. One can build up a feeling, an Florina Mihăilă, known as Sexy-
emotion only looking at it. Brăileanca, came back in the movies
industry, after she made a pause.
•The most important element in this case is the attitude of During that period of time she
the individuals. A person can be completely dressed and, underwent a medical intervention to
improve her breast.
at the same time, the photo can deliver an erotic insight.
•It is artistic – many classical pictures are representative
for this type of image.
“I like to make movie, I want to be a
•It delivers the feeling of love, of emotion related to other XXX star world-wide known. This is the
person. reason for which I came back so quickly
on the stage, even if I am not completely
Pornographic image recovered”, said Sexy-Brăileanca.
The main The gender The nudity The explicit The main The type of
characteristic and number of character theme/ relations
of the image actors subject among
actors
Porno •It is explicit •Woman and •Woman: The unclear Woman: Total nudity Direct sexual Woman:
graphic •It carries man completely naked body +sexual organs are act Exploited,
image negative •A number of •Man: The unclear put in the center of objectified,
The
emotions and individuals of completely naked body interest subordinated
question
naire attitudes different gender Man: Total nudity
+sexual organs are
put in the center of
interest
•It is •Woman alone •Woman: The unclear •Woman: Love and sex Of equality
Sexy suggestive •Individual in completely naked body Provocative clothing
image •It is artistic general + the unclear naked +partial nudity
upper part of the body •Man: Provocative
•Man: The unclear clothing +partial
completely naked body nudity
+ head and shoulders
Life of the
Text stars
Sexuality
Conclusions
(Continued)
• There is a strong similarity between the way in which the subjects had described a sexy
and/or a pornographic image and the way in which those images and themes are used in
Romanian newspapers.
• Due to the difficulties and limitation in defining and understanding the “sexuality” as
term and theme both at the level of Romanian media and of its public we shall try to
see how we can explain that situation on the basis of empirical data.
• In order to achieve that objective we intend to develop our analysis on the following
“axes”:
– An in-depth qualitative (discourse) analysis of media messages and of the answers at the
questionnaire questions.
– A set of focus groups on the general issue of “Defining the sexuality in life and media
content” made with interviewees that previously answered at the questionnaire.
Thank you!