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1

Chapter 6

Flow Analysis Using Differential Methods
(Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow)


2
In the previous chapter--
Focused on the use of finite control volume for the
solution of a variety of fluid mechanics problems.
The approach is very practical and useful since it
doesnt generally require a detailed knowledge of the
pressure and velocity variations within the control
volume.
Typically, only conditions on the surface of the
control volume entered the problem.

There are many situations that arise in which the
details of the flow are important and the finite
control volume approach will not yield the
desired information
3
For example --
We may need to know how the velocity varies over the cross
section of a pipe, or how the pressure and shear stress vary
along the surface of an airplane wing.

we need to develop relationship that apply at a point,
or at least in a very small region ( infinitesimal volume)
within a given flow field.

involve infinitesimal control volume (instead of finite
control volume)

differential analysis (the governing equations are
differential equation)
4
In this chapter

(1) We will provide an introduction to the differential
equation that describe (in detail) the motion of fluids.
(2) These equation are rather complicated, partial differential
equations, that cannot be solved exactly except in a few
cases.
(3) Although differential analysis has the potential for
supplying very detailed information about flow fields, the
information is not easily extracted.
(4) Nevertheless, this approach provides a fundamental basis
for the study of fluid mechanics.
(5) We do not want to be too discouraging at this point,
since there are some exact solutions for laminar flow that
can be obtained, and these have proved to very useful.
5
(6) By making some simplifying assumptions, many other
analytical solutions can be obtained.
for example , small 0 neglected
inviscid flow.
(7) For certain types of flows, the flow field can be conceptually
divided into two regions
(a) A very thin region near the boundaries of the system in
which viscous effects are important.
(b) A region away from the boundaries in which the flow is
essentially inviscid.
(8) By making certain assumptions about the behavior of the fluid
in the thin layer near the boundaries, and
using the assumption of inviscid flow outside this layer, a large
class of problems can be solved using differential analysis .

the boundary problem is discussed in chapter 9.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to solve differential eq.

6
)(.) (
(.) (.) (.) (.) (.) (.)
.
.
problem. particular a for t, z, y, on x, depend ly specifical components
velocity these how determine to is analysis al differenti of goals the of One
V - +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
=
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

v
t z
w
y
v
x
u
t t
D
a
a
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
a
dt
v d
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
a
z
y
x
7
element the of n def ormatio angular
x
v
y
u
element the of n def ormatio linear
z
w
y
v
x
u
Note
v
rate dilation volumetric v
z
w
y
v
x
u
dt
d

c
c
c
c

c
c
c
c
c
c
= - V
= - V =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

,
, , :
fluid, ible incompress an for 0
) ( 1

o
o
8
flow al Irrotation 0
zero is axis - z the around Rotation
only when ) (i.e. block undeformed an as axis - z about Rotation
) (
2
1
as such (6.12) Eq. From
2 Define
= V
c
c
=
c
c

c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c

c
c
=
= V = = =
v or
y
u
x
v
x
v
y
u
w w
y
u
x
v
w
V curl v w vorticity
OB OA
z

V curl v
w v u
z y x
k j i
k
y
u
x
v
j
x
w
z
u
i
z
v
y
w
k w j w i w
vector rotation the W
z y x

2
1
) (
2
1
2
1
} ) ( ) ( ) {(
2
1
= V =
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c

c
c
+
c
c

c
c
+
c
c

c
c
=
+ + =
=
9
6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation

}
}
=
= -
c
c
~
c
c
~
c
c

=
in out
cv
vA vA
dA n v
z y x
t
d
t
d
t
z y x d
) ( ) (
element the of surfaces the through flow mass of rate The ) (
) (
0

o o o


o o o

10

c
c
c
=
c
c
c
+ =

+
s
y
x
x
x
x x
x
x
u
u u
y
x
u
u u
) ( , ) ( as such , terms
order high neglecting - - expansion series Taylor
2
) (
|
2
) (
|
direction - x the in flow The
2
2
2
o o


o
o
z y x
z
w
z y x
y
v
z y x
x
u
z y
x
x
u
u z y
x
x
u
u
o o o

o o o

o o o

o o
o
o o
o

c
c
==

c
c
=

c
c
=
c
c

c
c
+ =

) (
direction - z in rate Net
) 24 . 6 (
) (
direction - y in rate Net
similarly
) 23 . 6 (
) (
]
2
[ ]
2
[
direction - in x outflow mass of rate Net
11
. form al differenti in equation continuity The
) 27 . 6 ( 0
outflow mass of rate Net :
0 ] [
0 ) ( Since
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

= - +
c
c
} }
z
w
y
v
x
u
t
z y x
z
w
z y x
y
v
z y x
x
u
Note
z y x
z
w
z y x
y
v
z y x
x
u
z y x
t
dA n v d
t
cs cv

o o o

o o o

o o o

o o o

o o o

o o o

o o o



12
) 31 . 6 ( 0
) 30 . 6 ( 0
0
flow ible incompress For - -
) 29 . 6 ( 0
0 ) (
fluid le compressib of flow steady For - -
) 28 . 6 ( 0
form In vector
mechanics fluid of equations l fundamenta the of One - -
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= - V
=
c
c
=
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= - V
= - V +
c
c
z
w
y
v
x
u
or
v
t
const
z
w
y
v
x
u
or
v
v
t

13
equation. continuity he satisfy t to required , w : Determine
?
flow ible incompress an For
2 6. Example
2 2 2
=
+ + =
+ + =
w
z yz xy v
z y x u
) , (
2
3 n Integratio
3 ) ( 2
0 ) ( ) (
0
continuity of equation the from
: Solution
2
2 2 2
y x c
z
xz w
z x z x x
z
w
z
w
z yz xy
y
z y x
x
z
w
y
v
x
u
+ =
= + =
c
c

=
c
c
+ + +
c
c
+ + +
c
c

=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
14
6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates
15
0
1 ) ( 1

) flow unsteady or steady ( flow ible incompress For
0 ) ( ) (
1
) (
1

flow le compressib steady, For
s coordinate l cylindrica in
equation y continuall the of form al differenti the is This
) 33 . 6 ( 0
) ( ) ( 1 ) ( 1
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

z
v v
r r
rv
r
v
z
v
r
v r
r r
z
v v
r r
v r
r t
z r
z r
z r
u

u

u

u
u
u
16
6.2.3 The Stream Function
) 36 . 6 ( 0
) 2 ( 0 ) ( 0
flow D - 2 & plane, ible, incompress steady, of equation continuity For the
0
equation Continuity
=
c
c
+
c
c


c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
y
v
x
u
flow D
z
w
cte
t
where
z
w
y
v
x
u
t


0 ) ( ) (
eq. continuity the satisfies it that so ; where
function, stream the ) , ( function a Define
=
c
c

c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c

c
c
=
c
c
=
=
x y y x y
v
x
u
x
v
y
u
y x



}
satisfied be will mass of on conservati

unknow one unknows two
function
stream using


)
`

v
u
17
6.3. Example
) 42 . 6 (
1
0
1 ) ( 1
0
) ( ) ( 1 ) ( 1
flow. D - 2 place, , ible Incompress
for equation y continuall the , s coordinate l cylindrica In

c
c
=
c
c
=
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
r
v
r
v
v
r r
rv
r z
v v
r r
v r
r t
r
r z r

u

u
u u
18
Example 6.3 Stream Function
The velocity component in a steady, incompressible, two
dimensional flow field are


Determine the corresponding stream function and show on a
sketch several streamlines. Indicate the direction of glow along
the streamlines.
4x v 2y u = =
19
Example 6.3 Solution

(y) f x 2 (x) f y
2
2
1
2
+ = + =
C y x 2
2 2
+ + =
From the definition of the stream function
x 4
x
v y 2
y
u =
c
c
= =
c
c
=
For simplicity, we set C=0
2 2
y x 2 + =
=0
0
1
2 /
x y
2 2
=

20
6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum
a m F
a m F or
dt
v d
m F Eq
V C small For
F dA n v v d v
t dt
v m D
dm v d v P
P
dt
D
d v
dt
D
dt
v m D
sys
cv cv
cs
v c
cv
sys
sys sys
sys
sys

o o
o o o o

=
= =
= - +
c
c
==
= =
= =
}

}
} }
}
system a for law 2nd Newtons The
) 44 . 6 (
. .
) 44 . 6 ( ) (
) (
momentum linear for the t theorem transpor Reynolds the From
where
) (
momentum linear For the
. .
21
Figure 6.9 (p. 287)
Components of force acting on an arbitrary differential area.
22
Figure 6.10 (p. 287)
Double subscript notation for stresses.
23
Figure 6.11 (p. 288)
Surface forces in the x direction acting on a fluid element.
24
6.3.2 Equation of Motion
Velocities stresses - - - - - Unknowns
. rest at or motion in fluid) or (solid continuum any to applicable also are They
fluid. a for motion of equation al differenti General
) 50 . 6 ( ) (
) 50 . 6 ( ) (
) 50 . 6 ( ) (
using
c
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
z y x
g
b
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
z y x
g
a
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z y x
g
d z y x m
zz
yz
xz
z
zy yy xy
y
zx
yx
xx
x

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
= =

o
t
t

t o t

t
t
o

o o o o
z sz bz z z
y sy by x x
x sx bx x x
ma F F ma F
ma F F ma F
ma F F ma F
o o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o o
= + =
= + =
= + =
25
6.4 Inviscid Flow
stress normal e compressiv
0 &
0
flow invisicid For
. ss frictionle or , nonviscous , inviscid be to said are
negligible be to assumed are stresses shearing the in which field Flow
| |
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|

zz yy xx
P o o o
t o

( ) 0 & 0 &
& , water and air as such , fluid common Some


t o

water air
water air
small
26
6.4.1 Eulers Equations of Motion
) 51 . 6 ( ) (
) 51 . 6 ( ) (
) 51 . 6 ( ) (
0 0 with (6.50c) & (6.50b) (6.50a) Eq From
c
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
z
P
g
b
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
y
P
g
a
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
x
P
g
P
and
z
y
x
zz yy xx

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c


c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c


c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c

= = =




o o o
t
(6.52) Eq solve to ) (using Simplify
. solve to Difficulty
) 52 . 6 ( ] ) ( [
motion of equations Eulers as to referred Commonly are equations These
=> . .
V - +
c
c
= V v v
t
v
P g


27
6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation
equation Eulers equation Bernoulli section In this
law 2nd Newtons equation Bernoulli 2 3. section In
<=
<=
) (
2
1
) ( ) (
2

becomes (6.53) Eq
) ( ) (
2
1
) (
identity vector and ng Usi
) 53 . 6 ( ) (
) state steady ( 0 where
) 52 . 6 ( ] ) ( [
equation Eulers Form
2
v v z g v
p
v v v v p z g
v v v v v v
z g g
v v p g
t
v
v v
t
v
p g

V = V + V +
V

V - V = V V
V - V = V -
V =
V - = V

c
c
V - +
c
c
= V



28
.
2
0
2
1
)] ( [
. / ) ( 0 )] ( [
) ( ) (
) (
Similarly
state.) steady if (
, , , ,
)] ( [ ) ( ) (
2
1

streamline along length al differenti a Let
) (
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
const gz
v dp
gdz dv
dp
s d v v
papey of out in v v because s d v v
dz k dz j dy i dx k
z
z
ds z
dv s d v
dp dz
z
p
dy
y
p
dx
x
p
dz dy dx
z
p
y
p
x
p
ds p
s d v v s d z g s d v s d
p
k dz j dy i dx
ds
ds v v z g v
p
= + + = + +
V
V = - V
= + + -
c
c
= - V
= - V
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
> < - >
c
c
c
c
c
c
=< - V
- V = - V + - V + -
V

+ + =
=
V = V + V +
V
}

29

= + +
streamline a along Flow
flow ible Incompress
flow Steady
flow Inviscid
2
fluid ible incompress Inviscid, For
2
const gz
v p

30
6.4.3 Irrotational Flow
flow al irrolation an of example An
0
0
.) (


does. flow uniform a However,
equations. three hese satisfy t
not could field flow general A
Vorticity) ( 0 Vorticity 0 0 ) (
2
1
flow al Irrotation

=
=
=

c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c

= V = = V = V =
w
v
const U u
x
w
z
u
z
v
y
w
y
u
x
v
V or V or V w

31
6.4.5 The Velocity Potential
mass. of on conservati of e consequenc a - -
function stream The
. field flow the of ally irrotation the of e consequenc a - -
potential velocity The : Note
flow D - 2 to restricted is
flow D - 3 general a for defined be can
potential velocity function scale a is ) , , ( where
, ,
0
0 0 ) (
2
1
flow al irrotation For - -
|

|
|
| | |
V = + + =
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
c
c
= V
= V = V =

k w j v i u v
z y x
z
w
y
v
x
u
x
w
z
u
z
v
y
w
y
u
x
v
w v u
z y x
k j i
v
v or v w
32
flow. potential a called commonly is flow of type This
. field flow al Irrotation
, ible incompress , Inviscid
) 66 . 6 ( 0 0
that follows it , ) ( flow al irrotation and
) 0 ( fluid ible incompress an For
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
equation Laplace
z y x
or
v
v
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
V =
= - V
| | |
|
|

pressures calculate To
equation Bernoulli with
determined be can
conditions boundary
with Eq.(6.66) from
known is If
)
`


v or
w
v
u |
33
) 71 . 6 ( 0
1
) (
1
) 70 . 6 ( ;
1
;
) 69 . 6 ( Since
) , , (
) 68 . 6 (
1
) 67 . 6 (
(.) (.) 1 (.)
(.)
, , s, Coordinate
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
= V

c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
+ + =
=

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
z r r
r
r r
z
v
r
v
r
v
e v e v e v v
z r where
e
z
e
r
e
r
e
z
e
r
e
r
z r l Cylindrica In
z r
z z r r r
z r
z r
|
u
| |
|
|
u
| |
u | |
|
u
| |
|
u
u
u
u u
u
u

34
| | | |
2 1
3 3
1
2 2
, / 10 , 30 if
(2) point at pressure (b)
potential velocity (a)
: e Determin
right on re Figu
& / 2 sin 2 : Given
function stream 6.4 Example
z z m kg kpa P
m r s m r
= = =
= = =

u
( )
( )
) 1 ( ) ( 2 cos 2 ) ( 2 cos 4
;
1
;
2 sin 4 2 sin 2
2 cos 4 2 ) 2 (cos 2
1
2 sin 2
1 1
) (
:
1
2
1
2
2 2
+ = + = = = c
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
=
c
c
=
= =
c
c
=

c
c
=
c
c
=
} }
u u u u | |
|
u
| |
u u
u u u
u

u
u u
C r C dr r dr v dr v
z
v
r
v
r
v
conditons l cylindrica in potential Velocity
flow al Irrotation
r r
r
v
r r
r
r
r
v
r
v
r
v
mass of on conservati
conditions l cylindrica in function stream a
Solution
r r
z r
r r
35
) ( 2 cos 2 (2) & (1) Eq
) 2 ( . ) ( 0 ) (
) ( 2 ) 2 sin ( 2 2 sin 4
)] ( 2 cos 2 [
1
2 sin 4
1
Since
) 1 ( ) ( 2 cos 2
) 1 (
2
1 1
1
2 2
1
2
1
2
Ans C r
const C C or C
C r r
C r
r
r
r
v
C r
Eq From
+ =
= = =
c
c

c
c
+ =
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
+ =
u |
u u
u
u
u
u u
u u
u
u
u
|
u u |
u
36
) ( 36 / ) 4 16 ( / 10
2
1
10 30
(3) Eq From
/ 2 4 5 . 0 16 16
5 . 0 (2), point At
/ 4 16 16
1 (1), point At
16 ) 2 sin 4 ( ) 2 cos 4 (
sin
) 3 (
2
1
2
1
) (
2
1
2
1
as written be can equation Bernoulli the
fluid, ible incompress , nonviscous a of flow al irrotation an For (b)
2 2 3 3 3
2
2
2 2 2
2
1
2 2
1
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2
1 1 2
2 1 2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
Ans kpa s m m kg pa p
s m v r v
m r
s m v r v
m r
r r r v
v v v e v e v v ce
v v p p
z z gz v
p
gz v
p
r r r
= + =
= = = =
=
= = =
=
= + =
+ = + =
+ =
= + + = + +
u u


u u u

37
6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows
0 0
0 ) ( ) ( 0
flow al Irrotation , ible incompress for (6.66) Eq From
0 ) ( ) (
(6.74) Eq Using flow) nal (Irrotatio
(6.72) Eq From
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

=
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c

c
c

c
c
=
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c

y x z y x
y y x x y
v
x
u
y x x x y y
x
v
y
u
flow plane y x
| | | | |
| |

38
6.8 Viscous Flow
es. velociti & stresses he between t ip relationsh a establish to necessary is It
equations. than unknowns more are There
. fluid a for motion of equation al differenti General
) 50 . 6 ( ) (
) 50 . 6 ( ) (
) 50 . 6 ( ) (
. as such
Eq.6.50, motion, of equations general derived previously the return to must we
motion, fluid of analysis al differenti the into effects viscous e incorporat To


c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
z y x
g
b
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
z y x
g
a
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z y x
g
zz
yz
xz
z
zy yy xy
y
zx
yx
xx
x

o
t
t

t o t

t
t
o

39
6.8.1 Stress - Deformation Relationships
) 125 . 6 ( 2
) 125 . 6 ( 2
) 125 . 6 ( 2
2
2
2
n. deformatio of rate the to related linearly are
stresses t the known tha is it , fluids Newtonian , ible incompress For
c
z
w
P
b
y
v
P
a
x
u
P
z
w
P
y
v
P
x
u
P
zz
yy
xx
zz
yy
xx

c
c
+ =

c
c
+ =

c
c
+ =

c
c
= +
c
c
= +
c
c
= +
o
o
o
o
o
o
) 125 . 6 ( ) (
) 125 . 6 ( ) (
) 125 . 6 ( ) (
f
x
w
z
u
e
y
w
z
v
d
x
v
y
u
xz zx
zy yz
yz xy

c
c
+
c
c
= =

c
c
+
c
c
= =

c
c
+
c
c
= =
t t
t t
t t
40
) 126 . 6 ( ] [
) 126 . 6 ( ]
1
[
) 126 . 6 ( ]
1
) ( [
) 126 . 6 ( 2
) 126 . 6 ( )
1
( 2
) 126 . 6 ( 2
fluids ible incompress Newtonian, for stresses The
s coordinate polar l cylindrica In
f
r
V
z
V
e
V
r z
V
d
V
r r
V
r
r
c
z
V
P
b
r
V V
r
P
a
r
V
P
z r
rz zr
z
z z
r
r r
z
zz
r
r
rr

c
c
+
c
c
= =

c
c
+
c
c
= =

c
c
+
c
c
= =

c
c
+ =
+
c
c
+ =

c
c
+ =
t t
u
t t
u
t t
o
u
o
o
u
u u
u
u u
u
uu
41
6.8.2 The NavierStokes Equations
) 127 . 6 ( ) ( ) (
direction - z
) 127 . 6 ( ) ( ) (
direction - y
) 127 . 6 ( ) ( ) (
direction - x
(6.31), Eq , continuity of Eq. and
(6.125f) ~ (6.125a) with (6.50c) ~ Eq.(6.50a) From
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
c
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
P
g
b
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
P
g
a
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
P
g
z
y
x

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c


c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c


c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

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