On the Road to UMTS

(Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service)

Manish Das
Manish Das
Evolution from 1st generation towards beyond 3-G

First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Beyond 3-G

• Analogue • Digital • Digital

• Circuit • Digital
• Circuit switched • Packet and • Packet switched
switched • Voice plus basic circuit switched
• Basic voice • All IP based
data applications • Data and (IPv6)
telephony • Low data speed multimedia
• Low capacity • More advanced
• Enhancements applications
• Limited local multimedia
towards • Medium data applications
and regional • packet rates • User in control
coverage switching • Global coverage • Flexible platform
• higher data • Global roaming
rates of
• Trans-national complementary
and global access systems
roaming • High speed data
• Improved QoS
• Global coverage
• Global roaming

Manish Das
Trend : Bandwidth - Personal Wireless
10,000,000,000

1,000,000,000 4G
100,000,000

3.5G
10,000,000
bps 3G
1,000,000
GPRS
100,000
2G
10,000

1,000

100
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Manish Das
Network & Technology Evolution

FIXED + Wireless
+ Broadcast
Subscribers Business etc
Extensio Convergence
n
INTRODUCE IMS
HSDPA, HSUPA
Richer Service
INTRODUCE Revenue Broadband
UMTS
And R4 core
New Services &
Cost Savings Packetized

Present
network
Circuit
Voice Broadban
d

R99 R4 R5 R5+
2003 2004 2005
Manish Das 2006
2007
GSM Network

BSC
OML
is OMC
Ab
VMSC
BTS A
AUC
BTS HLR
BTS TRAU MSC EIR
BTS VLR

BTS BTS SMSC

BTS
MS
BC
BTS BSC

PSTN
Manish Das
 GPRS Network
SMS-GMSC
Gd SMS-IWMSC
(MAP)
Abis A
(MAP)
BTS BSC MSC/VLR
HLR
PCU
Gs Gr (MAP)
Gb IP
Network
Gi (IP)

SGSN GGSN

Gn Gn
Gb - Interface between SGSN and BSC Other
(Frame Relay)
Gi - Reference point between GPRS PLMN
and external packet data network
Backbone
Gp (IP)
Gs - Interface between SGSN and Network
MSC
Gr - Interface between SGSN and HLR
Gd - Interface between SGSN and SMSC
Gn - Interface between two GSN
within
the same PLMN
Gp - Interface between two GSN in
different PLMN
EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution)

EDGE is the
evolutionary step
after GPRS that
offers 3G data
services in the
existing GSM
spectrum;
essentially 3G data
speeds in 2G
spectrum.
Manish Das
Comparison between EDGE and GPRS

GPRS EDGE
Modulation GMSK 8-PSK
Symbol rate 270ksym/s 270ksym/s
Modulation bit rate 270kb/s 810kb/s
User data rate per time 20 kb/s 59.2kb/s
slot (max)
User data rate (8 time 160 kb/s 473.6 kb/s
slots)

Manish Das
EDGE Coding schemes

Manish Das
Scenario for Migration from 2G to 3G

Manish Das
Vision for 3 G (IMT 2000)
• Well specified system with major interfaces open and
standardised. The specifications generated should be valid
world-wide.

• Added value to the GSM. However, in the beginning the

system must be backward compatible at least with GSM and
ISDN.

• Multimedia and all of its components must be supported

throughout the system.

• The services for end-users must be independent from radio

access technology

Manish Das
3G technical requirements

• Bit Rate:
Rural outdoor 144 kbps (500 km/h).
Suburban outdoor 384 kbps (120 km/h) .
Indoor 2 Mbps (10 km/h).
• Variable bit rate capability: granularity, circuit and packet
bearers.
• Varying delay and quality of service requirements.
(priorities of traffic).
• Handover: seamless between the cells and different
operators. Co-existence with and handover to 2G
systems.
• Support of asymmetric traffic.

Manish Das
UMTS QoS Classes

Traffic class Conversational Streaming Interactive class Background

class class class

Real Time Best Effort

Real Time Best Effort

Fundamental - Preserve time - Preserve time - Request -Destination is not

characteristics relation (variation) relation response pattern expecting the
between (variation) data within a
information entities between certain time
of the stream information -Preserve
entities of the payload content -Preserve
- Conversational stream payload content
pattern (stringent
and low delay )

Example of voice streaming web browsing telemetry, emails

the application video

Manish Das
UMTS

Manish Das
UMTS Releases

UMTS has evolved through different specifications up gradations,

known as releases:
• Release 99
Addition of UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) to the existing
GSM/GPRS network.
• Release 4
Migration of the CS voice network to an ATM or IP core network.
• Release 5
Addition of IP Multimedia services (IMS), which effectively enables
person-to-person multimedia sessions.
• Release 6
No change in overall network architecture. Added more IMS
capabilities, speech recognition, Wi-Fi/UMTS inter-working.

Manish Das
UMTS Network architecture

A UMTS network consist of three interacting domains:

• Core Network (CN)
• UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
• User Equipment (UE)
The main function of the core network is to provide switching,
routing and transit for user traffic. Core network also contains
the databases and network management functions.

The basic Core Network architecture for UMTS is based on GSM

network with GPRS. All equipment has to be modified for UMTS
operation and services.
The UTRAN provides the air interface access method for User
Equipment. Base Station is referred as Node-B and control
equipment for Node-B's is called Radio Network Controller
(RNC).
Manish Das
UMTS Network architecture: Rel. 99

Manish Das
UMTS Network architecture: Rel. 4

Manish Das
UMTS Network architecture: Rel. 5

Manish Das
 UMTS Release 6 Network (All IP network)
PSTN Go* Gi Gp
PSTN PSTN Gq

Go
PDF 
CS­ Mc
GMSC  GGSN
MGW server

C
Gc

Nc 
     HSS  
PSTN    (HLR,AuC) Gn
Nb 
  Gr
D EIR
F Gf
G
VLR VLR
B Gs
B E SGSN
MSC server Nc MSC server
Mc
Mc
CN
CS­MGW CS­MGW
Nb
 A Gb
IuCS IuCS IuPS
IuPS

BSS RNS
Iur
BSC RNC RNC
Abis Iub

BTS BTS Node B Node B

cell

Um Uu

ME

SIM­ME i/f or Cu

Bold lines:interfaces supporting user traffic; SIM USIM

Dashed lines: interfaces supporting signalling. Manish Das MS

UMTS Rel 6 HSS
Iu-PS
I-CSCF

S-CSCF

BGCF MGCF
Node
B P-CSCF
RNC EIR
MGW
Node DHCP
B DNS
MRF

UTRAN SGSN GGSN

Internet Protocol Multimedia

Subsystem Core Network
Signaling
Speech path (IMS CN)

Manish Das
Core Network

CS Domain
The CS domain refers to the set of all the CN entities
offering "CS type of connection" for user traffic as well
as all the entities supporting the related signalling.
The entities specific to the CS domain are: MSC,
GMSC, VLR.

PS Domain
The PS domain refers to the set of all the CN entities
offering "PS type of connection" for user traffic as well
as all the entities supporting the related signalling. The
entities specific to the PS domain are the GPRS
specific entities, i.e. SGSN and GGSN.
Manish Das
 Core Network: MSC Server and Media Gateway
MSC functionality is split into two logical functions:
• Media Gateway (MGW)
• MSC Server
The call control function of MSC is provided by MSC Server.
The bearer switching functions of the MSC are provided by MGW.

VLR
MSC
SERVER
VLR
Call Control
ISUP ISUP
Control ISUP functions
ISUP
functions

Mc H.248

Bearer
functions Media
Gateway

64 64
kbps kbps Bearer U- Bearer U-
PCM PCM Plane Plane
Manish Das

Integrated MSC Functionality Physically separated Functionality

Core Network
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
The HSS is the master database for a given user. It is the entity containing the
subscription-related information to support the network entities actually
handling calls/sessions.

The HSS consists of the following functionalities:

-IP multimedia functionality to provide support to control functions of the

IM subsystem such as the CSCF. It is needed to enable subscriber usage
of the IM CN subsystem services. This IP multimedia functionality is
independent of the access network used to access the IM CN subsystem.

-The subset of the HLR/AUC functionality required by the PS Domain.

-The subset of the HLR/AUC functionality required by the CS Domain, if it

is desired to enable subscriber access to the CS Domain or to support
roaming to legacy GSM/UMTS CS Domain networks.

Manish Das
Core Network: HSS

HSS
Mobility Management Identification handling

User security info. generation Service authorization support

User security support Access authorization

Service Provisioning support Application Services Support

Call / Session establishment support CAMEL Services Support

C D Gr Gc Sh Si Cx
Wx
gsmSCF SIP Application
Server
GMSC MSC / VLR GGSN
IM-SSF CSCF
OSA-SCS
3GPP SGSN
CS Domain AAA IM CN subsystem
Server PS Domain

Manish Das
IMS Architecture

Manish Das
IMS Architecture
CSCF:
Next generation call control – The Call State Control Function
(CSCF) is an enhanced SIP proxy (i.e. an entity that routes SIP
messages). Additional wireless capabilities are added (i.e. SIM based
authentication, billing, QoS control). Three
"flavours" of CSCF have been defined:
• P-CSCF for Proxy
• I-CSCF for Interrogating
• S-CSCF for Serving)
potentially allowing a better repartition of the functionalities in
different nodes therefore providing more scalability as well roaming
capabilities.
HSS:
Centralised Subscriber Data/Authentication – The 3GPP IMS relies on
the packet core for connectivity to the handset/client. The
provisioning and authentication data is held at the HLR. The 3GPP
IMS also needs its own provisioning and authentication information,
so, the HLR is extended to hold all of this information in one place –
the Home Subscriber Server (HSS).
Manish Das
IMS Architecture
MGCF, MGW:
The Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) terminates SIP
sessions and provides ISUP (or equivalent) signalling to the PSTN.
The Media Gateway (MGW) provides inter working and transcoding
from IP bearer to TDM (or potentially VoIP or VoATM).

Manish Das
UTRAN
WCDMA radio is the main difference
between UMTS and GSM BSS.

Manish Das
Node B

The functions of Node-B are:

• Air interface Transmission / Reception

• Modulation / Demodulation
• CDMA Physical Channel coding
• Error Handing
• Closed loop power control

Manish Das
RNC

The functions of RNC are:

• Radio Resource Control

• Admission Control
• Channel Allocation
• Power Control Settings
• Handover Control
• Ciphering
• Segmentation / Reassembly
• Broadcast Signalling
• Open Loop Power Control

Manish Das
UTRA Air Interface Standard

• Uses WCDMA
• Channel bandwidth: 5 MHz
• Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps
• Spreading factor (SF): 4 to 512
• 512 Orthogonal codes
• Maximum data rate per channel: 960 kbps (uncoded)
• Maximum allowed parallel channels: 6

Manish Das
Interfaces
Iub

This is equivalent to A-bis interface in GSM, but unlike A-bis this is

an open interface. It uses ATM for transmission.

Iu-CS
This is equivalent to A interface in GSM. Main signalling protocol is
RANAP.

Iu-PS
This is equivalent to Gb interface in GPRS. It carries data traffic and
signaling between UTRAN and the core data GPRS network.
Iur
This interface connects two RNCs. There is no equivalent interface
in GSM/ GPRS. When a mobile user moves between areas served
by different RNCs, the mobile user’s data is transferred to new RNC
via Iur. The original RNC is known as serving RNC and the new RNC
is known as the Drift RNC.
Manish Das
Coverage of different bit rate

Manish Das
Coverage of different bit rate

Manish Das
Coverage of different bit rate

Service 12.2 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps

Voice data data
Allowed propagation 141.9 135.7 129.9
loss [dB]
Cell radius [km] 2.3 1.5 1.0

Manish Das
Data Transfer time for different applications

Manish Das
3G and Beyond – Data Throughput
HSDPA HSOPA
in 5 MHz EDGE UMTS HSUPA (MIMO-OFDM)
2005-06 2007-08

Latency
260 ms* 120 ms 60 ms 20 ms
(Ping 32bytes)

Typical max
Throughput 320 kbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps 40 Mbps
per cell

#users (**) 7 9 40 >100

(*) subsequent Ping

(**) number of simultaneous users of 128kbps streaming in 5 MHz

HSDPA delivers the cost, capacity and performance

required for True Mobile Broadband
Manish Das
UMTS Release 6 Network

Manish Das
HSDPA

xDSL data rate on Wireless?

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) promise 10 Mbps speed
in downlink.

Manish Das
 The mobile networks beyond 3 G
HAPS Satellite

Wireline or Wireless GSM

Networks
(Internet)

Services
Bluetooth
WLAN

UMTS

Content

ADSL

Direct Sequence
TDMA WCDMA OFDM
OFDM Unspecified Frequency
FDD TD-CDMA TDD
Hopping
Manish Das
Very wide Personal
Wide area Metropolitan area Local area
area area