CELL DIVISION

Humans have 46 (23 pairs) chromosomes 44 chromosomes (22pairs): autosomal 2 chromosomes (1 pair): sex chromosomes (XX, XY)

2 sets of chromosomes 1 from mom & 1 from dad

 All human cells have 46 chromosomes except for the ovum & sperm Ovum = 23 Sperm = 23 All other cells = 46 (2 sets of chromosomes)
(liver, cardiac, blood cells)

Diploid (2N) = 2 sets of chromosomes (46) Haploid (1N) = 1 set of chromosomes (23) N = haploid

Cell Division
Cell division is a constant process in all living forms. There are two types of cell division: Mitosis: The division of somatic or body cells Meiosis: The division of gametes or sex cells: sperm in the males of any species and ovum (plural ova) or egg in the females of any species

 Mitosis takes place in most cells of the body skin cells replace completely every 1-3 months neurons very rarely divide. Meiosis takes place in gametes -testes & ovary

Cell division - cycle

INTERPHASE

First Part of Interphase is also known as the G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle

(Growth Phase)

Interphase
The Second part of Interphase is known as the S Phase of the Cell Cycle (Synthesis Phase DNA duplicates)

Interphase
The third part of the Cell Cycle, G2, is just a checkpoint to make sure the DNA is correct.

Mitosis:
Cell Division
The last part of the Cell Cycle is called Mitosis and has 4 phases during which the cell divides into 2 cells

Stages of mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase (Cytokinesis)

Interphase
Interphase is not part of mitosis G1 phase - synthesis of RNA S phase - replication of chromosome G2 phase -synthesis of proteins necessary for mitosis Chromosomes appears as thread-like structures called chromatin.

Prophase
Chromatids (replicated chromosomes condense and become visible in a light microscope) The nucleolus disappears Paired centrioles (centrosomes) move opposite ends of the cell mitotic spindles from centrioles forms.

Metaphase

Sister chromatids line up at the spindle equator Each centromere attaches itself to the spindle fibre At the end of metaphase, the centromeres divide.

Anaphase
The separated chromatids, now called chromosomes are pulled apart towards the opposite poles by the contraction of spindle fibres Anaphase is completed when chromosomes arrive at the poles

Telophase
Chromosomes reach the poles of the cell and cannot be seen clearly The spindle fibres disappear and centrioles replicate Nuclear membrane re-forms around chromosomes and the nucleolus reappears in each nucleus Telophase may lead straight into cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis is the separation of the parent cells cytoplasm at the end of a mitosis

Mitosis

Meiosis
Production of gametes = sperm & ovum Contain half the number of chromosomes = haploid (1N) Called the reduction division =
Diploid 2N 46
23

Haploid 1N

Used in sexual reproduction

Meiosis
Sex cells divide to produce gametes (sperm or ovum). Gametes have half the number of chromosomes. Occurs only in gonads (testes or ovaries). Male: spermatogenesis Female: oogenesis

19

Spermatogenesis
n=23
human sex cell
sperm

n=23

n=23

2n=46
diploid (2n)

n=23

n=23
haploid (n)

n=23
Meiosis I Meiosis II
20

Oogenesis
human sex cell

n=23 n=23
egg

Haploid (1n)

2n=46
diploid (2n)

Polar Bodies (die)

n=23

Meiosis I

Meiosis II
21

Interphase I
Similar to interphase before mitosis.
Chromosomes replicate in the s phase. Each duplicated chromosome consist of two identical sister chromatids attached at their centromeres. Centriole pairs also replicate.

22

MEIOSIS I
Meiosis I

23

Meiosis I (four phases)

Cell division that reduces the chromosome number by one-half. Four phases: a. prophase I b. metaphase I c. anaphase I d. telophase I

Prophase I
24

Phases of Meiosis

Meiosis I

Interphase I

Meiosis I Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

MEIOSIS I Prophase I Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.

There are 4 chromatids in a tetrad.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Prophase I
Crossing-over: Homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids in a process Crossing-over produces new combinations of alleles.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

MEIOSIS I Metaphase I

Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes. Tetrads line up in the middle: metaphase plate.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

MEIOSIS I Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles. Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

MEIOSIS I
Telophase I and Cytokinesis

Nuclear membranes form. Cell separates into two cells. Each pole now has haploid (1n- 23) set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid daughter cells are formed.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Phases of Meiosis

Meiosis II

Telophase I and Cytokinesis I

Meiosis II

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

MEIOSIS II Prophase II

Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

MEIOSIS II Metaphase II

The chromosomes line up in the center of cell.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

MEIOSIS II Anaphase II

The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

MEIOSIS II Telophase II and Cytokinesis

Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Mitosis

Meiosis I

Interphase I

Meiosis I Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Meiosis II

Telophase I and Cytokinesis I

Meiosis II

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

M I T O S I S

M E I O S I S

M E I O S I S

II

THANK YOU

Genetic Recombination
nonsister chromatids Tetrad

chiasmata: site of crossing over

variation

41

Sex Chromosomes

XX chromosome - female

XY chromosome - male
42

Homologous Chromosomes
eye color locus eye color locus

hair color locus

Paternal Maternal

hair color locus

43

Homologous Chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) that are similar in shape and size. Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry genes controlling the same inherited traits. Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same LOCI position on homologues. Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes: a. 22 pairs of autosomes b. 1 pair of sex chromosomes
44

Non-Sister ChromatidsHOMOLOGS

45

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase