Input-Output Organization

Overview
Peripheral Devices Input-Output Interface Asynchronous Data Transfer Modes of Transfer Priority Interrupts Direct Memory Access Input-Output Processor Serial Communication
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Peripheral Devices

Peripheral Devices
Efficient communication between CPU & outside Gets inputs external sources
Keyboard, mouse, touch screen, barcode reader, modem, NIC, Mic, disk, tape

Send outputs
Monitor, NIC, Printer, Modem, Speaker, disk, tape

Peripheral devices extremely slow to CPU

Large amount of data prepares in advance to transfer to CPU The result of programs transfer to high-speed disk and then to the peripheral like printers
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Peripheral
On-line devices
Devices under direct computer control Read/write information to memory on CPU command

Peripheral
Devices attached to the computer Electromechanical/electromagnetic Monitor/Keyboard Printer Magnetic tape Magnetic disk
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ASCII Alphanumeric Characters

American Standard Code for Information Interchange 128 characters
94 printable
26 Uppercase, 26 Lowercase, 10 numeric, 32 special (%, *)

34 non-printable (control)
Abbreviated names
Format characters (BS - backspace, CR - carriage return) Information separators (RS - record separators, FS - file separators) Communication controls (STX - start of text, ETX - end of text)
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ASCII Alphanumeric Characters

Computer uses 8 bits for a character Additional bit?
As the parity for character For other special characters (Italic, Greek)

Input-Output Interface
Transfer information between internal storage and external peripherals Resolves the difference between CPU and peripherals
Signal value changes Transfer rate mapping Data code format mapping Control operating modes (not to disturb each other)

Interfaces supervise and synchronize transfers Lies between processor bus and peripheral device (or its controller)
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O/I Bus and Interface Modules

I/O bus consists of
Data lines Control lines Address lines

Each peripheral is associated with its interface unit

Decode address and control received Interrupts for the device Provide signals for device Synchronize and supervise data flow
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O/I Bus and Interface Modules

CPU Independent I/O Bus Memory memory bus Interface Peripheral Separate I/O instructions (in,out)

Interface Peripheral CPU common memory & I/O bus

Lines distinguish between I/O and memory transfers VME bus Multibus-II Nubus
40 Mbytes/sec optimistically

Memory

Interface

Interface

10 MIP processor completely saturates the bus!

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Peripheral

Peripheral

Input-Output Interface

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I/O Bus and Interface Modules

Each interface has own address Processor places address on address lines Corresponding peripheral responds while others are deactivated Same time processor provides function code on control lines Interface executes function on peripheral 4 main command types
Control commands, status, output data, input data
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