Introduction Into Cell Biology

Introduction into
Cell Biology
What is Life? What is a cell?
1
Intro into Cell Biology
-> All living organisms

are made out of cells
-> Cells are the

smallest living unit
Human egg cell + sperm

2
Single cell organisms – Multi cell organisms
-> Single cell organisms -> Microorganisms
Bacteria Archea Yeast - Fungi
3
Single cell organisms – Multi cell organisms
-> multi cell organisms -> higher degree or organization of

cells within the organism -> specialization of cells
Human red blood cells Human skin cells Plant cells
4
Size of the cells
5
Evolutionary time line
6
Classification
of Cells
7
Two cell types - The Three Domain System
Prokaryotes
8
Cell Types
9
Prokaryotes – Domain Bacteria
-> Single cell organisms

-> No nucleus, no compartments
-> Peptidoglycan cell walls
-> Binary fission
-> For energy, use organic
chemicals, inorganic chemicals,
or photosynthesis
10
Prokaryotes – Domain Archea
-> Lack peptidoglycan

-> Live in extreme environments
Include:
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles
-> Role in disease not well
understood—this group has only
Thermophiles growing in
recently been discovered
Yellowstone hot springs.
11
Life on Mars?
Magnified view of objects in Martian meteorite found in
Antarctica. (Archaeobacteria like?)
12
Domain Eukaryotes
-> Plantae
multicellular plants, cellulose cell wall, photosynthesis
-> Fungi
Chitin cell walls
Use organic chemicals for energy
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses of
mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
-> Protists
Protozoa, motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
Algae, photosynthetic
-> Animalia
Multicellular animals, Parasitic flatworms and round worms are
called helminthes. Microscopic stages in life cycles
13
Fungi
Slime mold
Yeast 14
Fungi
15
Amoeba
Protozoa
Euglena
Paramecium
16
Protozoa - Algae
17
Viruses -> are NO living organisms -> parasites
-> Consist of DNA or RNA core

-> Core is surrounded by a protein coat
-> Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
-> Viruses are replicated only when they are in a
living host cell
-> Not cellular
18
Cell growth -> cell division Cell death -> apoptosis
19
Cell Movement -> Motility -> Flagellum
Pseudomonas (3,300X) Salmonella (1200X)
20
Cell Movement -> Motility -> Flagellum
21
Microorganisms are important for Food production
22
Microbes at Work
1. Agriculture - used to control crop insects.
2. Bioremediation - a field of environmental

biotechnology where bacteria are used to clean up toxic
wastes. Ex. Oil spills.
3. Pharmacology - developing anti-microbics (antibiotics

and other chemotherapeutic substances) to destroy
pathogens.
4. Vaccines - developing weakened strains of

pathogenic bacteria or viruses in order to protect
(immunize) against infection.
5. Snow for ski resorts (artificial)

23
Microbes at Work
clean up of Oil spills.

24
Microbes at Work
6. Forensics - analyzing DNA left as evidence in

criminal investigations (PCR test).
7. Genetic engineering - transfer of genes (DNA) from

one organism to another
8. Bioinformatics - the application of computer

information science to complex biological problems
(genomics, proteomics, glycomics)
25
Medical Microbiologi – Infectious diseases
Nearly 2,000 different

microbes cause diseases.
10 B new infections/year
worldwide
13 M deaths from
infections/year worldwide
26
27
28
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
 Showed microbes caused
fermentation and spoilage
 Disproved spontaneous
generation of
Insert figure 1.11 microorganisms
 Developed pasteurization
 Demonstrated what is now
known as Germ Theory of
Disease
 Developed a rabies vaccine
29
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
 Established Koch’s postulates
- a sequence of experimental
steps that verified the germ
theory
Insert figure 1.12  Identified cause of anthrax
(Bacillus anthracis),
Tuberculosis (Mycobacteria
tuberculosis), and cholera
(Vibrio cholerae)
 Developed pure culture
methods
30
31
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
32
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Neisseria meningitis Yersinia pestis
B. burgdorferi
Borrellia -> Lyme disease
33
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Clostridium botulinum. CDC.

Bacillus anthracis
C. tetani -> tetanus
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Staphylococcus aureus 34
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
-> Typhus
35
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Mycoplasma “fungus-form”
-> pneumonia
-> Pneumonia, Blindness The smallest bacteria
- 0.2 micrometers
36
VIRAL PATHOGENS
HIV
Ebola
Smallpox Rabies virus

37
EUKARYOTIC PATHOGENS
Plasmodium vivax Giardia lamblia
-> Malaria –> chronic diarrhea
Trichomonas vaginalis –
vaginosis in females and
urethritis in males.
38
Fig. 1.3. Emerging infectious diseases
39
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria bloom
Photosynthetic, formerly “blue-green algae”.

2 H2O + CO2 + sunlight  CH2O + H2O + O2
Formed O2 in the earth’s atmosphere.

Important nitrogen-fixers. 40

Introduction Into Cell Biology

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Introduction Into Cell Biology

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Introduction into

-> All living organisms

-> Cells are the

Human egg cell + sperm

-> Single cell organisms -> Microorganisms

Bacteria Archea Yeast - Fungi

-> multi cell organisms -> higher degree or organization of

Human red blood cells Human skin cells Plant cells

-> Single cell organisms

-> Lack peptidoglycan

-> Consist of DNA or RNA core

Pseudomonas (3,300X) Salmonella (1200X)

2. Bioremediation - a field of environmental

3. Pharmacology - developing anti-microbics (antibiotics

4. Vaccines - developing weakened strains of

5. Snow for ski resorts (artificial)

clean up of Oil spills.

6. Forensics - analyzing DNA left as evidence in

7. Genetic engineering - transfer of genes (DNA) from

8. Bioinformatics - the application of computer

Nearly 2,000 different

Neisseria meningitis Yersinia pestis

Clostridium botulinum. CDC.

Smallpox Rabies virus

Plasmodium vivax Giardia lamblia

-> Malaria –> chronic diarrhea

Photosynthetic, formerly “blue-green algae”.

Formed O2 in the earth’s atmosphere.

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